Disruption of Pressure-Induced Ca Spark Vasoregulation of Resistance Arteries, Rather Than Endothelial Dysfunction, Underlies Obesity-Related Hypertension.

Obesity-related hypertension is one of the world's leading causes of death and yet little is understood as to how it develops. As a result, effective targeted therapies are lacking and pharmacological treatment is unfocused. To investigate underlying microvascular mechanisms, we studied small artery dysfunction in a high fat-fed mouse model of obesity.

"A Step and a Ceiling": mechanical properties of Ca spark vasoregulation in resistance arteries by pressure-induced oxidative activation of PKG.

We investigated the biomechanical relationship between intraluminal pressure within small mesenteric resistance arteries, oxidant activation of PKG, Ca sparks, and BK channel vasoregulation. Mesenteric resistance arteries from wild type (WT) and genetically modified mice with PKG resistance to oxidative activation were studied using wire and pressure myography. Ca sparks and Ca transients within vascular smooth muscle cells of intact arteries were characterized using high-speed confocal microscopy of intact arteries.

Pressure-induced oxidative activation of PKG enables vasoregulation by Ca2+ sparks and BK channels.

Activation of Ca-sensitive, large-conductance potassium (BK) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by local, ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca signals (Ca sparks) acts as a brake on pressure-induced (myogenic) vasoconstriction-a fundamental mechanism that regulates blood flow in small resistance arteries. We report that physiological intraluminal pressure within resistance arteries activated cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in VSMCs through oxidant-induced formation of an intermolecular disulfide bond between cysteine residues. Oxidant-activated PKG was required to trigger Ca sparks, BK channel activity, and vasodilation in response to pressure.

Myeloperoxidase impairs the contractile function in isolated human cardiomyocytes.

We set out to characterize the mechanical effects of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in isolated left-ventricular human cardiomyocytes. Oxidative myofilament protein modifications (sulfhydryl (SH)-group oxidation and carbonylation) induced by the peroxidase and chlorinating activities of MPO were additionally identified. The specificity of the MPO-evoked functional alterations was tested with an MPO inhibitor (MPO-I) and the antioxidant amino acid Met.

Myeloperoxidase evokes substantial vasomotor responses in isolated skeletal muscle arterioles of the rat.

Aims: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyses the formation of a wide variety of oxidants, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and contributes to cardiovascular disease progression. We hypothesized that during its action MPO evokes substantial vasomotor responses.

Methods: Following exposure to MPO (1.

Hydrogen peroxide elicits constriction of skeletal muscle arterioles by activating the arachidonic acid pathway.

Aims: The molecular mechanisms of the vasoconstrictor responses evoked by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have not been clearly elucidated in skeletal muscle arterioles.

Methods And Results: Changes in diameter of isolated, cannulated and pressurized gracilis muscle arterioles (GAs) of Wistar-Kyoto rats were determined under various test conditions. H2O2 (10-100 µM) evoked concentration-dependent constrictions in the GAs, which were inhibited by endothelium removal, or by antagonists of phospholipase A (PLA; 100 µM 7,7-dimethyl-(5Z,8Z)-eicosadienoic acid), protein kinase C (PKC; 10 µM chelerythrine), phospholipase C (PLC; 10 µM U-73122), or Src family tyrosine kinase (Src kinase; 1 µM Src Inhibitor-1).

New perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) II: albumin suppresses angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in human.

About 8% of the adult population is taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to treat cardiovascular disease including hypertension, myocardial infarction and heart failure. These drugs decrease mortality by up to one-fifth in these patients. We and others have reported previously that endogenous inhibitory substances suppress serum ACE activity, in vivo, similarly to the ACE inhibitor drugs.

Vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) expression and function in the vasculature of the rat.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels are emerging in vascular biology. In particular, the expression of the capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) was reported in vascular smooth muscle cells. This study characterized the arteriolar TRPV1 function and expression in the rat.