Eomes expression identifies the early bone marrow precursor to classical NK cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells traffic through the blood and mount cytolytic and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-focused responses to intracellular pathogens and tumors. Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) also produce type 1 cytokines but reside in tissues and are not cytotoxic. Whether these differences reflect discrete lineages or distinct states of a common cell type is not understood.

A enhancer necessary for ILC2 development and function.

The type 2 helper effector program is driven by the master transcription factor GATA3 and can be expressed by subsets of both innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and adaptive CD4 T helper (Th) cells. While ILC2s and Th2 cells acquire their type 2 differentiation program under very different contexts, the distinct regulatory mechanisms governing this common program are only partially understood. Here we show that the differentiation of ILC2s, and their concomitant high level of GATA3 expression, are controlled by a enhancer, +674/762, that plays only a minimal role in Th2 cell differentiation.

Cost-benefit analysis of preventing nosocomial bloodstream infections among hemodialysis patients in Canada in 2004.

Objectives: Hemodialysis-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) is a significant public health problem because the number of hemodialysis patients in Canada had doubled from 1996 to 2005.Our study aimed to determine the costs of nosocomial BSIs in Canada and estimate the investment expenses for establishing infection control programs in general hospitals and conduct cost-benefit analysis.

Materials And Methods: The data from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program was used to estimate the incidence rate of nosocomial BSI.