Electrical synapse molecular diversity revealed by proximity-based proteomic discovery.

Neuronal circuits are composed of synapses that are either chemical, where signals are transmitted via neurotransmitter release and reception, or electrical, where signals pass directly through interneuronal gap junction channels. While the molecular complexity that controls chemical synapse structure and function is well appreciated, the proteins of electrical synapses beyond the gap-junction-forming Connexins are not well defined. Yet, electrical synapses are expected to be molecularly complex beyond the gap junctions.

Potential exposure of honey bees to neonicotinoid seed treatments in US rice.

Neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments are commonly used in rice (Oryza sativa) production to control rice water weevil (Lisorhoptrus oryzophilus). With the use of neonicotinoid seed treatments, there is potential that honey bees (Apis mellifera) could be exposed to neonicotinoids through translocation to the pollen. Studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to determine the level of neonicotinoids present in flag leaves, pollen, and grain of rice.

Spatial calibration and uncertainty reduction of the SWAT model using multiple remotely sensed data.

Remotely sensed products are often used in watershed modeling as additional constraints to improve model predictions and reduce model uncertainty. Remotely sensed products also enabled the spatial evaluation of model simulations due to their spatial and temporal coverage. However, their usability is not extensively explored in various regions.

Reduced Sensitivity to Fluopyram in following Long-Term Exposure in Golf Turf.

In recent years, some golf course superintendents in Florida have reported that the turf health is no longer as great, and nematode responses to fluopyram have decreased. The objective of this research was to determine if the mechanism of the reported reduced efficacy was attributable to either: ) enhanced degradation accelerating its breakdown in the soil, or ) reduced sensitivity to the nematicide in the nematode populations. In a field experiment, soil and nematodes were collected from small plots that had been treated multiple times over four years, for only one year, or never treated.

Interpreting effective hydrologic depth estimates derived from soil moisture remote sensing: A Bayesian non-linear modeling approach.

The water balance equation (WBE) describes how net water inflows into a system relate to storage changes over a time span (dt). This equation is fundamental in hydrologic studies, helping to determine water supply and elucidate the terrestrial water cycle. For land surface, the WBE links water fluxes like precipitation (P), evapotranspiration, drainage and surface runoff to soil moisture (SM) changes within a discrete soil layer (dSM).

Morphological and Molecular Diversity among Pin Nematodes of the Genus (Nematoda: Paratylenchidae) from Florida and Other Localities and Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus.

Pin nematodes ( spp.) are root parasites found worldwide. They have different life cycles and feeding habits and can damage a wide range of plants.

The Spatiotemporal Distribution, Abundance, and Seasonal Dynamics of Cotton-Infesting Aphids in the Southern U.S.

Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) is an emerging aphid-borne pathogen infecting cotton, L., in the southern United States (U.S.

Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of Resistance.

Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020-2022.

Late-fall satellite-based soil moisture observations show clear connections to subsequent spring streamflow.

Because runoff production is more efficient over wetter soils, and because soil moisture has an intrinsic memory, soil moisture information can potentially contribute to the accuracy of streamflow predictions at seasonal leads. In this work, we use surface (0-5 cm) soil moisture retrievals obtained with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite instrument in conjunction with streamflow measurements taken within 236 intermediate-scale (2000-10,000 km) unregulated river basins in the conterminous United States to show that late-fall satellite-based surface soil moisture estimates are indeed strongly connected to subsequent springtime streamflow. We thus show that the satellite-based soil moisture retrievals, all by themselves, have the potential to produce skillful seasonal streamflow predictions several months in advance.

Chlorantraniliprole Residual Control and Concentration Determination in Cotton.

Studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to determine the residual concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in cotton (, L.) leaves, as well as the concentrations in petals and anthers that developed after the time of application. Foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole were applied at four rates for leaves and two rates for petals and anthers at the second week of bloom.

A reduced latency regional gap-filling method for SMAP using random forest regression.

The soil moisture active/passive (SMAP) mission represents a significant advance in measuring soil moisture from satellites. However, its large spatial-temporal data gaps limit the use of its values in near-real-time (NRT) applications. Considering this, the study uses NRT operational metadata (precipitation and skin temperature), together with some surface parameterization information, to feed into a random forest model to retrieve the missing values of the SMAP L3 soil moisture product.

First Report of Infecting Soybean in Indiana.

Soybeans () are an important crop for Indiana, playing a major role in the state's economy. In June 2021, symptomatic soybean plants were submitted to Purdue University's Plant and Pest Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnosis. Sting nematodes were observed on the surface of the washed roots using stereo- and brightfield compound microscopy.

Urotensin II-related peptides, Urp1 and Urp2, control zebrafish spine morphology.

The spine provides structure and support to the body, yet how it develops its characteristic morphology as the organism grows is little understood. This is underscored by the commonality of conditions in which the spine curves abnormally such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Understanding the origin of these spinal curves has been challenging in part due to the lack of appropriate animal models.

: An Emerging Threat to Tomato Production in Florida.

The gene is widely used in different tomato cultivars to resist several Meloidogyne spp. (root-kot nematode; RKN), including , and . Tomato cultivars with the -gene are widely used in fields.

Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States.

Foliar-applied insecticide treatments may be necessary to manage thrips in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under severe infestations or when at-planting insecticide seed treatments do not provide satisfactory protection. The most common foliar-applied insecticide is acephate.

Practical resistance to Cry toxins and efficacy of Vip3Aa in Bt cotton against Helicoverpa zea.

Background: Crops genetically engineered to make insect-killing proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have revolutionized management of some pests. However, the benefits of such transgenic crops are reduced when pests evolve resistance to Bt toxins. We evaluated resistance to Bt toxins and Bt cotton plants using laboratory bioassays and complementary field trials focusing on Helicoverpa zea, one of the most economically important pests of cotton and other crops in the United States.

Microwave-based soil moisture improves estimates of vegetation response to drought in China.

The increased frequency and severity of drought has heightened concerns over the risk of hydraulic vegetative stress and the premature mortality of ecosystems globally. Unfortunately, most land surface models (LSMs) continue to underestimate ecosystem resilience to drought - which degrades the credibility of model-predicted ecohydrological responses to climate change. This study investigates the response of vegetation gross productivity to water-stress conditions using microwave-based vegetation optical depth (VOD) and soil moisture retrievals.

Can Surface Soil Moisture Information Identify Evapotranspiration Regime Transitions?

The transition of evapotranspiration between energy- and water-limitation regimes also denotes a nonlinear change in surface water and energy coupling strength. The regime transitions are primarily dominated by available moisture in the soil, although other micro-meteorological factors also play a role. Remotely sensed soil moisture is frequently used for detecting evapotranspiration regime transitions during inter storm dry downs.

First Report of Infecting in the United States.

Kratom () belongs to the coffee family of Rubiaceae. The tree is native to Southeast Asia and primarily grown in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Recently, it has been introduced and cultivated in other countries including the United States.

A Dynamic Threshold Approach for Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management in the Midsouthern U.S. Cotton.

One of the most economically important pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the midsouth region of the United States is the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, Hemiptera: Miridae). Tarnished plant bug populations across the region have exhibited widespread resistance to numerous insecticide classes.

Bermudagrass Cultivars with Different Tolerance to Nematode Damage Are Characterized by Distinct Fungal but Similar Bacterial and Archaeal Microbiomes.

Turfgrass landscapes have expanded rapidly in recent decades and are a major vegetation type in urbanizing ecosystems. While turfgrass areas provide numerous ecosystem services in urban environments, ecological side effects from intensive management are raising concerns regarding their sustainability. One potentially promising approach to ameliorate the ecological impact and decrease the use of agricultural chemicals is to take advantage of naturally evolved turfgrass-associated microbes by harnessing beneficial services provided by microbiomes.

Land transpiration-evaporation partitioning errors responsible for modeled summertime warm bias in the central United States.

Earth system models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experiment exhibit a well-known summertime warm bias in mid-latitude land regions - most notably in the central contiguous United States (CUS). The dominant source of this bias is still under debate. Using validated datasets and both coupled and off-line modeling, we find that the CUS summertime warm bias is driven by the incorrect partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into its canopy transpiration and soil evaporation components.