Publications by authors named "Critchley J"

Background: While people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more susceptible to infections, studies potentially underestimate the true burden of infection-related mortality since they rely on clinical coding systems primarily structured by body system, and by only focusing on underlying cause. This study examined cause-specific mortality in people with T2D compared to the general population during 2015-2019, focusing on infections.

Methods: 509,403 people aged 41-90 years with T2D alive on 1/1/2015 in Clinical Practice Research Datalink were matched to 976,431 without diabetes on age, sex, and ethnicity.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed health systems, resulting in a surge in excess deaths. This study clustered countries based on excess mortality to understand their response to the pandemic and the influence of various factors on excess mortality within each cluster.

Materials And Methods: This ecological study is part of the COVID-19 MORtality (C-MOR) Consortium.

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Background: Limited evidence suggests elevated risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) disease, though studies have not adjusted for pre-existing CVD risk. We carried out a cohort study using two separate datasets, estimating CVD incidence in people with TB versus those without.

Methods: Using data from the United States (Veterans Health Administration) and the United Kingdom (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) for 2000-2020 we matched adults with incident TB disease and no CVD history 2-years before TB diagnosis (US n=2,121; UK n=15,820) with up to 10 people without TB on the basis of age, sex, race/ethnicity and healthcare practice.

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Introduction: To estimate the impact of reducing obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity (PIA) prevalence, and of introducing physical activity (PA) as an explicit intervention, on the prevalence, incidence, and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Oman.

Research Design And Methods: A deterministic population-level mathematical model was employed to investigate the impact of different scenarios for reducing T2DM risk factors on T2DM epidemiology. The model was stratified by sex, age group, risk factor status, T2DM status, and intervention status and parameterized with nationally representative data.

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Background: There is a growing epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases in low and middle-income countries, often attributed to urbanization, although there are limited data from marginalized rural populations. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and associated risk factors in transitional rural communities.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of Montubio adults aged 18-94 years living in agricultural communities in a tropical coastal region of Ecuador.

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Article Synopsis
  • This study analyzed cause-specific mortality rates during the COVID-19 pandemic in 12 countries, focusing on respiratory diseases, pneumonia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer in 2020 and 2021.
  • It found significant reductions in mortality from respiratory diseases and pneumonia in most countries, although some like Georgia and Ukraine saw excess deaths from these causes.
  • The research also indicated that stringent control measures helped lower excess mortality rates, while a higher incidence of COVID-19 negatively impacted certain types of mortality, particularly for cancer in 2021.
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Introduction: To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, we estimated excess all-cause mortality in 24 countries for 2020 and 2021, overall and stratified by sex and age.

Methods: Total, age-specific and sex-specific weekly all-cause mortality was collected for 2015-2021 and excess mortality for 2020 and 2021 was calculated by comparing weekly 2020 and 2021 age-standardised mortality rates against expected mortality, estimated based on historical data (2015-2019), accounting for seasonality, and long-term and short-term trends. Age-specific weekly excess mortality was similarly calculated using crude mortality rates.

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Aims: Long-term HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) variability is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). We explored prospective associations between HbA1c variability and serious infections, and how these vary by HbA1c level, age, sex and ethnicity.

Methods: 411,963 T2D patients in England, aged 18-90, alive on 01/01/2015 in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink with ≥ 4 HbA1c measurements during 2011-14.

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Poor diets are a global concern and are linked with various adverse health outcomes. Healthier foods such as fruit and vegetables are often more expensive than unhealthy options. This study aimed to assess the effect of price reductions for healthy food (including fruit and vegetables) on diet.

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Aims: People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have raised infection rates compared to those without, but how these risks vary by age, sex and ethnicity, or by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), remain uncertain.

Methods: 33,829 patients with T1D in Clinical Practice Research Datalink on 01/01/2015 were age-sex-ethnicity matched to two non-diabetes patients. Infections were collated from primary care and linked hospitalisation records during 2015-2019, and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated versus non-diabetes.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis infection (TBI). However, the evidence on the burden and phenotypic characteristics of TBI in African patients with DM is limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characterisation of TBI in native African patients living with DM.

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Article Synopsis
  • People with diabetes are more susceptible to tuberculosis (TB), showing higher inflammation and lower immune responses that may lead to worse treatment outcomes.
  • A study tracked the gene expression of TB patients with and without diabetes during treatment to understand how these differences evolve over time.
  • Results indicated that TB-DM patients exhibited persistent and heightened inflammatory responses throughout treatment, suggesting that their immune system struggles to adjust compared to those without diabetes.
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Background: Guidelines from the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association and Difficult Airway Society state that 'a videolaryngoscope should be immediately available for all obstetric general anaesthetics'.

Objective: To report the incidence of videolaryngoscopy use, and other airway management safety interventions, in an obstetric population before and after various quality improvement interventions.

Design: Prospective data collection was undertaken over 18 months, divided into three separate 6-month periods: June to November 2019; March to August 2021; January to June 2022.

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A role of ecological adaptation in speciation can be obscured by stochastic processes and differences that species accumulate after genetic isolation. One way to identify adaptive characters and their underlying genes is to study cases of speciation involving parallel adaptations. Recently resolved phylogenies reveal that alpine morphology has evolved in parallel in the genus Antirrhinum (snapdragons): first in an early split of an alpine from a lowland lineage and, more recently, from within the lowland lineage to produce closely related sympatric species with contrasting alpine and lowland forms.

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Aims: To predict the epidemiological impact of specific, and primarily structural public health interventions that address lifestyle, dietary, and commuting behaviors of Qataris as well as subsidies and legislation to reduce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) burden among Qataris.

Methods: A deterministic population-based mathematical model was used to investigate the impact of public health interventions on the epidemiology of T2DM among Qataris aged 20-79 years, which is the age range typically used by the International Diabetes Federation for adults. The study evaluated the impact of interventions up to 2050, a three-decade time horizon, to allow for the long-term effects of different types of interventions to materialize.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are independent risk factors for poor outcomes among people with tuberculosis (TB). To date, information on the joint impact of diabetes and HIV on TB outcomes is limited. We aimed to estimate (1) the association between hyperglycemia and mortality and (2) the effect of joint exposure to diabetes and HIV on mortality.

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Objective: People living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at higher infection risk, but it is unknown how this risk varies by ethnicity or whether the risk is similarly observed in people with nondiabetic hyperglycemia ("prediabetes").

Research Design And Methods: We included 527,151 patients in England with T2D and 273,216 with prediabetes, aged 18-90, and alive on 1 January 2015 on the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Each was matched to two patients without diabetes or prediabetes on age, sex, and ethnic group.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common among patients with TB. We assessed DM characteristics and long-term needs of DM-TB patients after completing TB treatment. Newly diagnosed TB patients with DM were recruited for screening in a randomised clinical trial evaluating a simple algorithm to improve glycaemic control during TB treatment.

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Objective: Contemporary data on the attainment of optimal diabetes treatment goals and the burden of diabetes complications in adult populations with type 2 diabetes in Africa are lacking. We aimed to document the current status of attainment of three key indicators of optimal diabetes care and the prevalence of five diabetes complications in adult African populations with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We systematically searched Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane library for published studies from January 2000 to December 2020.

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Article Synopsis
  • - The study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on excess mortality across 20 countries during 2020, focusing on overall mortality as well as differences based on sex and age.
  • - By analyzing data from national vital statistics for the years 2015 to 2020, the researchers calculated excess mortality for 2020 by comparing observed weekly deaths to expected numbers based on historical trends.
  • - Results showed significant excess mortality in several countries, particularly among older adults and generally higher in males, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring to understand the pandemic's varied effects.
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Background: Globally, the tuberculosis (TB) treatment success rate is approximately 85%, with treatment failure, relapse and death occurring in a significant proportion of pulmonary TB patients. Treatment success is lower among people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Predicting treatment outcome early after diagnosis, especially in TB-DM patients, would allow early treatment adaptation for individuals and may improve global TB control.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB) and will hamper global TB control due to the dramatic rise in type 2 DM in TB-endemic settings. In this trial, we will examine the efficacy and safety of TB preventive therapy against the development of TB disease in people with DM who have latent TB infection (LTBI), with a 12-week course of rifapentine and isoniazid (3HP).

Methods: The 'Prevention of tuberculosis in diabetes mellitus' (PROTID) consortium will randomise 3000 HIV-negative eligible adults with DM and LTBI, as evidenced by a positive tuberculin skin test or interferon gamma release assay, to 12 weeks of 3HP or placebo.

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Article Synopsis
  • A mathematical model was used to predict the future prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated risk factors like obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking in Turkey, focusing on trends up to 2050.
  • The model analyzed demographic data from 1997 to 2017 and explored different scenarios regarding obesity rates, particularly forecasting a potential decline in obesity among women.
  • The findings suggest a rising T2DM prevalence in Turkey, especially among women, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address obesity and improve physical activity to mitigate future health burdens.
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We investigated and forecasted the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology in Indonesia between 2020 and 2050. A recently-developed age-structured TB-DM dynamic mathematical model was utilized to assess the impact of DM on TB epidemiology. Model parameters were informed by systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

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Objectives: People with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher tuberculosis (TB) risk, but the evidence from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was scarce until recently and not included in earlier global summaries. Therefore, this systematic review aims to determine the risk of active TB disease among people with DM in SSA and whether HIV alters this association.

Methods: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Global Health and African Index Medicus were searched between January 1980 and February 2021.

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