Short Communication: Quantification of the Effect of Mycotoxin Binders on the Bioavailability of Fat-Soluble Vitamins In Vitro.

The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of six mycotoxin binders (MTBs) to adsorb vitamins A, D and E in an in vitro system that simulates gastric and intestinal digestion. Experiment 1 evaluated the recovery rate of vitamins A, D and E in the incubation conditions. In Experiment 2, the main factors were the MTB (bentonite, clinoptilolite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, active carbon and yeast cell walls), vitamins (A, D and E) and incubation type (vitamins incubated separately or together).

In vitro assessment of the capacity of certain mycotoxin binders to adsorb some amino acids and water-soluble vitamins.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of 6 mycotoxin binders (MTB) to adsorb 3 AA and 4 water-soluble vitamins (WSV). Two experiments were conducted in in vitro conditions to simulate postruminal digestion with pepsin, malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid at pH 3.0 and intestinal digestion with bile salts and pancreatin extract at pH 6.

A pharmacokinetic study of oclacitinib maleate in six cats.

Background: Oclacitinib is a Janus kinase (JK)1 inhibitor that has been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of allergic dermatitis in dogs. Its use in cats has been limited by the absence of pharmacokinetic data.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oclacitinib in cats after oral and intravenous administration.

Effect of age on cis-atracurium besylate pharmacokinetics following a single 1 mg kg intravenous bolus in young pigs.

Objective: To determine the cis-atracurium pharmacokinetic data and laudanosine production of a single 1 mg kg cis-atracurium dose in the pig and to compare the pharmacokinetics between two groups of different ages.

Study Design: Prospective experimental study.

Animals: Sixteen female pigs in two groups.

Determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotic residues in the plasma of Eurasian griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Spain.

Due to the possible toxicological impact, the accumulation of pharmaceuticals in wildlife as a consequence of human practices is of growing concern. The consumption of carrion at feeding stations - the so-called 'vulture restaurants' - with no management of the veterinary drugs it contains may expose scavengers to pharmaceuticals. To demonstrate this, we analyzed plasma from Eurasian griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) originating from two different areas of Spain for antibiotics such as enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, its primary metabolite.

Efficacy of albendazole against Taenia multiceps larvae in experimentally infected goats.

A controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three therapeutics regimes of albendazole (ABZ) against Taenia multiceps larvae in experimental infected goats. Forty-nine goats experimentally infected with 3000 T. multiceps eggs were selected and randomly divided into treatment or control groups.

Influence of a pig respiratory disease on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of amoxicillin after oral ad libitum administration in medicated feed.

The pharmacokinetic properties of amoxicillin in healthy and respiratory-diseased pigs were studied, after ad libitum administration of medicated feed. In addition, amoxicillin dose linearity and drug penetration into respiratory tract tissues were evaluated in diseased animals. The respiratory disease involves porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and bacterial agents such as Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus suis.

Analysis by LC/ESI-MS of iophenoxic acid derivatives and evaluation as markers of oral baits to deliver pharmaceuticals to wildlife.

Iophenoxic acid and its derivatives (methyl, ethyl, and propyl) are organic chemicals used as markers in baiting campaigns to deliver vaccines, pharmaceuticals, contraceptives or poisons to wildlife. In this study we develop a method of detection of IPA derivatives by LC/ESI-MS (using butyl-IPA as internal standard) obtaining a limit of detection and quantification in wild boar (Sus scrofa) serum of 0.037 microg/ml and 0.

Effect of age and gender in the pharmacokinetics of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide enantiomers in goats.

The kinetics of albendazole metabolites and albendazole sulphoxide enantiomers were studied in 2- and 14-month-old female and male goats, after a single oral dose administration (10mg/kg) of an albendazole formulation. Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 and 54h post-treatment and analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography method.

Pharmacokinetics of albendazole sulfoxide enantiomers administered in racemic form and separately in rats.

The pharmacokinetic behaviour of albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) enantiomers was studied in rats after the oral administration of 10 mg/kg of rac-ABZSO, 5 mg/kg of (-)-ABZSO or 5 mg/kg of (+)-ABZSO. The disposition profiles of ABZSO enantiomers were similar in all treatments, but the calculated area under the curve for the (-)-ABZSO was higher in all cases compared with (+)-ABZSO. The results suggest that there is no chiral inversion of ABZSO enantiomers.

HPLC quantification of perphenazine in sheep plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of perphenazine (PPZ) in sheep plasma was developed and validated. The separation was achieved using a 5 microm C18 column (125 mm x 4 mm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and an aqueous solution of H(3)PO(4) and TBA (inverse gradient). The flow rate was 1.

Placental transfer of etomidate in pregnant ewes after an intravenous bolus dose and continuous infusion.

Etomidate (ETO) is a short-acting intravenous (IV) anaesthetic characterised by cardiopulmonary stability and favourable pharmacokinetics. Although ETO has been used satisfactorily in obstetrical anaesthesia, little is known about placental transfer and the drug's pharmacokinetics in the fetus. Placental transfer in pregnant ewes has been evaluated following the administration of an IV bolus of 1mg/kg ETO; and after a 1-h infusion of 100 microg/kg min(-1) ETO preceded by an IV bolus of 1mg/kg.

Study of the enantiomeric separation of oxfendazole and cetirizine using subcritical fluid chromatography on an amylose-based column.

The enantiomeric separation of cetirizine and oxfendazole on a Chiralpak AD column using subcritical fluid chromatography has been studied in this work. The enantioseparation of cetirizine was only possible when 2-propanol was used as a modifier, obtaining better results in presence of the additives triethylamine (TEA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). On the contrary, 2-propanol provided the lowest enantioresolutions for oxfendazole, in this case the best results in terms of high resolution and short analysis time were obtained with ethanol.

Altered porphyrin excretion and histopathology of greylag geese (Anser anser) exposed to soil contaminated with lead and arsenic in the Guadalquivir Marshes, southwestern Spain.

Greylag geese (Anser anser) in the Guadalquivir Marshes (southwestern Spain) can be exposed to sources of inorganic pollution such as heavy metals and arsenic from mining activities or Pb shot used for hunting. We have sampled 270 fecal excreta in different areas of the marshes in 2001 to 2002 to evaluate the exposure to Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and As and to determine its relationship with soil ingestion and with the excretion of porphyrins and biliverdin as biomarkers. These effects and the histopathology of liver, kidney, and pancreas were also studied in 50 geese shot in 2002 to 2004.

PK and PK/PD of doxycycline in drinking water after therapeutic use in pigs.

A commercial doxycycline formulation was administered in drinking water to 12 pigs at the recommended dose of 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days. The mean plasma concentration at steady-state was 1.37 +/- 1.

Determination of porphyrins and biliverdin in bile and excreta of birds by a single liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection analysis.

Methods developed for porphyrin analysis have low recoveries and/or poor precision for the less polar protoporphyrin IX. We describe a simple method of analysis of porphyrins and biliverdin in bile and excreta of birds based on extraction with HCl 3N: acetonitrile and HPLC/UV analyses. Recoveries were good for protoporphyrin IX and other porphyrins (>79%).

Modulation of rat and human cytochromes P450 involved in PhIP and 4-ABP activation by an aqueous extract of Phyllanthus orbicularis.

Phyllanthus orbicularis HBK (Euphorbiaceae) is a medicinal plant, endemic to Cuba, whose aqueous extract has proven antimutagenic effects against hydrogen peroxide and some promutagenic aromatic amines (AAs), in addition to its antiviral properties. In this paper, antimutagenesis of this extract against two carcinogenic AAs, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) has been studied. Liver microsomal fractions from both induced rats and humans were used to metabolise both procarcinogenic compounds in the Salmonella assay.

Transplacental transfer of propofol in pregnant ewes.

Propofol is an injectable anaesthetic that is currently used both in veterinary and human medicine for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Although little is known about the pharmacokinetics of propofol in fetuses, it is widely used in obstetric procedures, particularly in caesarean section. This study determines the pharmacokinetics of propofol in pregnant ewes in the last third of pregnancy, and placental transfer and pharmacokinetics in fetuses after the administration of a 6 mg/kg intravenous (i.

Albendazole sulphoxide enantiomers in pregnant rats' embryo concentrations and developmental toxicity.

Three single oral doses (8.5, 10, and 14 mg/kg) of a racemic formulation of albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) were administered to pregnant rats on day 10 of gestation. Mother plasma and embryo concentrations of ABZSO enantiomers and albendazole sulphone (ABZSO(2)) were determined 9 h after administration.

Placental transfer of albendazole sulphoxide enantiomers in sheep.

Albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) is an anthelmintic drug used in veterinary practice. Its molecule has a chiral centre in the sulphur atom and racemic formulations are always used. The kinetics of the ABZSO enantiomers in the last third of pregnancy in ewes, and the placental transfer to the fetus, were studied after a single-dose oral administration (7.

Residue depletion of thiamphenicol in the sea-bass.

The residue depletion of thiamphenicol (TAP) was investigated in the sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) after 5 days' treatment with medicated food at a dose of 15 or 30 mg/kg bw/day. Fish were sampled for blood and muscle + skin from 3 h until 14 days after treatment. Thiamphenicol concentrations were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography.

Comparative disposition of ricobendazole enantiomers after intravenous and subcutaneous administration of a racemic formulation to calves.

The enantioselective disposition kinetics of the benzimidazole anthelmintic, ricobendazole (RBZ), have been characterized after its intravenous (iv) and subcutaneous (sc) administration as a racemic formulation to cattle. The (+) and (-) RBZ enantiomeric forms were recovered in plasma after iv and sc administration of the racemic RBZ formulation, using a chiral phase based HPLC method. A biexponential plasma concentration versus time curve was observed for both RBZ enantiomers following the iv treatment.

Allometric analysis of thiamphenicol disposition among seven mammalian species.

The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol (TAP), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was determined in male mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, sheep and calves. The relationship between the main pharmacokinetic parameters of TAP and body weight (W) was studied across these seven mammalian species, using double-logarithmic plots. The experimental values of volume of distribution (Vss), clearance (Cl) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta) were plotted, and extrapolated values were determined from corresponding allometric equations.

Albendazole sulphoxide enantiomeric ratios in plasma and target tissues after intravenous administration of ricobendazole to cattle.

The comparative concentration profiles of the (+) and (-) albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) enantiomers obtained in plasma and in selected target tissues/fluids after intravenous (i.v.) administration of a racemic formulation of ricobendazole (RBZ) to cattle were characterised.