Systematic literature review of lymphatic imaging-guided procedural management of Noonan syndrome.

Objectives: To assess through literature case analysis how advances in lymphatic imaging, interventional radiology, and lymphatic vascular microsurgery illuminate and improve the lymphatic-flow status in select patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) who have undergone surgical intervention as a part of their comprehensive and individualized treatment plan. Also, we sought to illustrate the spectrum of lymphatic complications that can occur in this patient population when lymphatic flow through abnormal vasculature is surgically disrupted.

Methods: A literature review was performed by searching "Noonan AND Lymphatic AND Imaging" in the PubMed database.

Chylous cyst-venous shunt for the management of central conducting lymphatic anomaly.

We present the case of a 45-year-old man who had presented with ubiquitous chylous reflux that manifested as a bilateral inguinal chylous cutaneous fistula and a voluminous right cervical chylous cyst. He had difficulty breathing owing to compression of the airway. Anastomosis of the chylous cyst wall with the external jugular vein was performed using a valvular vein segment to prevent blood reflux.

Overlapping biomarkers, pathways, processes and syndromes in lymphatic development, growth and neoplasia.

Recent discoveries in molecular lymphology, developmental biology, and tumor biology in the context of long-standing concepts and observations on development, growth, and neoplasia implicate overlapping pathways, processes, and clinical manifestations in developmental disorders and cancer metastasis. Highlighted in this review are some of what is known (and speculated) about the genes, proteins, and signaling pathways and processes involved in lymphatic/blood vascular development in comparison to those involved in cancer progression and spread. Clues and conundra from clinical disorders that mix these processes and mute them, including embryonic rests, multicentric nests of displaced cells, uncontrolled/invasive "benign" proliferation and lymphogenous/hematogenous "spread", represent a fine line between normal development and growth, dysplasia, benign and malignant neoplasia, and "metastasis".