Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 3 Years of Age in Very Low Birth Weight Infants According to Brain Development and Lesions.

Background: During the last decades, severe brain lesions affecting very low birth weight (<1500 gr, VLBW) infants were gradually substituted by milder lesions with debatable prognoses.

Objective: The objective of this study is to define type, frequency and 3 years of neurodevelopmental outcome of prematurity-related brain lesions in a modern cohort of VLBW infants.

Methods: VLBW infants admitted to our NICU in 5 years period with brain MRI at term-equivalent age were included.

Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Brain Vulnerability.

Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common condition. A transient reduction in blood glucose values is part of a transitional metabolic adaptation following birth, which resolves within the first 48 to 72 h of life. In addition, several factors may interfere with glucose homeostasis, especially in case of limited metabolic stores or increased energy expenditure.

Correction to: Case report: acute clinical presentation and neonatal management of primary hyperparathyroidism due to a novel CaSR mutation.

In the published article [1], an error has been noticed in the author group section.

Early Pain Exposure Influences Functional Brain Connectivity in Very Preterm Neonates.

Background: Early exposure to nociceptive events may cause brain structural alterations in preterm neonates, with long-lasting consequences on neurodevelopmental outcome. Little is known on the extent to which early pain may affect brain connectivity. We aim to evaluate brain functional connectivity changes in preterm neonate that underwent multiple invasive procedures during the postnatal period, and to correlate them with the neurodevelopmental outcome at 24 months.

Case report: acute clinical presentation and neonatal management of primary hyperparathyroidism due to a novel CaSR mutation.

Background: Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of calcium homeostasis, characterized by striking hyperparathyroidism, marked hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroid bone disease. We report the case of a newborn with a novel homozygous mutation of the CaSR, treated by successful subtotal parathyroidectomy, who had an acute presentation of the disease, i.e.

A retrospective analysis of the occurrence of accidents during 20 years of neonatal transport in Liguria region, Italy.

Our article focuses on a retrospective analysis of the occurrence of accidents relating to 20 years of activity of Neonatal Emergency Transport Service (NETS) in Liguria region, Italy. The objective of this study is to determine the vehicle accident rate for a specialized emergency medical services-NETS transport system between 1995 and 2015. We reviewed 5035 medical records related to the activity of our NETS from its beginning, in February 1995 to June 2015.

Auxological and metabolic study in small for gestational age children during 2 years follow-up.

Objective: To compare auxological and metabolic status of preterm (PT) and fullterm (FT) small for gestational age (SGA) babies from birth until age 2 years and to study the role of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in auxological and metabolic outcome in SGA babies.

Methods: We enrolled 44 SGA babies (22 FTs, 22 PTs) followed up six monthly. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements (fasting glucose, basal insulin level, total-cholesterol, triglycerides) were performed.

Plasma concentrations of carbohydrates and sugar alcohols in term newborns after milk feeding.

Nonglucose carbohydrates such as galactose, mannose, and inositol play a clinically important role in fetal and neonatal nutrition, though little is known about their metabolism in the neonate. The aim of this study was to determine whether postprandial changes in plasma carbohydrate and sugar alcohol concentrations are affected by clinical variables such as postnatal age (PNA), milk type, feeding volume, or feeding duration in term newborns. Neonates (n = 26) taking intermittent enteral feedings were enrolled.

Lymphatic dysplasias in newborns and children: the role of lymphoscintigraphy.

We performed lymphoscintigraphy in 15 patients (newborns and children) affected by congenital lymphatic dysplasia. We suggest that lymphoscintigraphy is mandatory in all patients with signs of lymphatic dysplasia, including those with minimal and initial signs of lymphatic impairment, to obtain very early diagnosis and begin treatment.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of thyroid diseases in children and adolescents and it is also the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism with or without goiter. The linkage between HT and some HLA genes has been reported and a genetic predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity is suggested by observations in twins. There is no direct evidence that infections cause HT in humans, while iodine and iodine containing drugs can precipitate HT in susceptible populations.

Delayed puberty.

Puberty is the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics associated with a growth spurt and resulting in the attainment of reproductive function. Delayed puberty is diagnosed when there is no breast development by 13.4 years of age in a girl and no testicular enlargement by 14.

Endocrinopathies associated with midline cerebral and cranial malformations.

We systematically reviewed a series of patients (n = 85) with midline cerebral and cranial malformations to correlate the endocrinopathy with the neuroanatomic defect. Midline cleft lip and palate was associated not only with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) but also with diabetes insipidus (DI); holoprosencephaly and optic nerve hypoplasia with absence of the septum pellucidum had a similar incidence of GHD and DI. Optic nerve hypoplasia with absence of the septum pellucidum had the highest incidence of multiple pituitary endocrinopathies and of neonatal hypoglycaemia.