Sex Disparities in the Direct Cost and Management of Stroke: A Population-Based Retrospective Study.

(1) Background: Previous studies have identified disparities in stroke care and outcomes by sex. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the average cost of stroke care and the existence of differences in care provision by biological sex. (2) Methods: This observational study adhered to the recommendations of the STROBE statement.

SOCS1-Derived Peptide Administered by Eye Drops Prevents Retinal Neuroinflammation and Vascular Leakage in Experimental Diabetes.

Current treatments for diabetic retinopathy (DR) target late stages when vision has already been significantly affected. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of DR, resulting in the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are cytokine-inducible proteins that function as a negative feedback loop regulating cytokine responses.

New Insights into the Mechanisms of Action of Topical Administration of GLP-1 in an Experimental Model of Diabetic Retinopathy.

The main goals of this work were to assess whether the topical administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) could revert the impairment of the neurovascular unit induced by long-term diabetes (24 weeks) in diabetic mice and to look into the underlying mechanisms. For that reason, db/db mice were treated with eye drops of GLP-1 or vehicle for 3 weeks. Moreover, db/+ mice were used as control.

Topical Administration of Bosentan Prevents Retinal Neurodegeneration in Experimental Diabetes.

Experimental evidence suggests that endothelin 1 (ET-1) is involved in the development of retinal microvascular abnormalities induced by diabetes. The effects of ET-1 are mediated by endothelin A- and B-receptors (ETA and ETB). Endothelin B-receptors activation mediates retinal neurodegeneration but there are no data regarding the effectiveness of ETB receptor blockage in arresting retinal neurodegeneration induced by diabetes.

Effects of Liposomal Formulation of Citicoline in Experimental Diabetes-Induced Retinal Neurodegeneration.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been classically considered a microcirculatory disease of the retina. However, there is growing evidence to suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is also an early event in the pathogenesis of DR. Citicoline has been successfully used as a neuroprotective agent in the treatment of glaucoma but their effects on DR remain to be elucidated.

Calcium dobesilate prevents the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by diabetes in the retina of db/db mice.

Aim: Calcium dobesilate (CaD) is beneficial in early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but its mechanisms of action remains to be elucidated. The aim was to investigate the effect of CaD on proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.

Methods: db/db mice were randomly assigned to daily oral treatment with CaD (200mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 15days.

Topical administration of DPP-IV inhibitors prevents retinal neurodegeneration in experimental diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: The main aims of the present study were: (1) to assess the expression and content of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) in human and db/db mouse retinas, and in human vitreous fluid; and (2) to determine whether the topical administration of the DPP-IV inhibitors (DPP-IVi) would prevent retinal neurodegeneration and vascular leakage in db/db mice by reducing endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) degradation.

Methods: To assess the expression and content of DPP-IV, human samples of vitreous fluid and retinas were obtained from participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 8) and age-matched non-diabetic individuals (n = 8), as well as from db/db (n = 72) and db/+ (n = 28) mice. The interventional study, which included 72 db/db mice, consisted of the topical administration (eye drops) of saxagliptin, sitagliptin or vehicle for 14 days.

Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Neurodegeneration and Vascular Leakage in Experimental Diabetes.

Purpose: The mechanisms involved in the reported beneficial effects of Calcium dobesilate monohydrate (CaD) for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain to be elucidated. The main aim of the present study is to examine whether CaD prevents early events in the pathogenesis of DR such as neurodegeneration and vascular leakage. In addition, putative mediators of both neurodegeneration (glutamate/GLAST, ET-1/ETB receptor) and early microvascular impairment (ET-1/ETA receptor, oxidative stress, VEGF, and the PKC-delta-p38 MAPK pathway) have been examined.

Topical Administration of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Prevents Retinal Neurodegeneration in Experimental Diabetes.

Retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Since glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) exerts neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system and the retina is ontogenically a brain-derived tissue, the aims of the current study were as follows: 1) to examine the expression and content of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in human and db/db mice retinas; 2) to determine the retinal neuroprotective effects of systemic and topical administration (eye drops) of GLP-1R agonists in db/db mice; and 3) to examine the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. We have found abundant expression of GLP-1R in the human retina and retinas from db/db mice.