Biogeography of , description of a new strain isolated from the North Sea and emended genus and species descriptions.

A new heterotrophic, aerobic alphaproteobacterium, designated strain SH36 (=DSM 23330=LMG 25292), was obtained from a seawater sample collected in the open North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed affiliation of strain SH36 to the species (family ), showing 100 and 99.9 % sequence similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of the strains ZXM098 and ZXM100.

The influence of cognitive load and vision variability on postural balance in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitive load, particularly its escalation during the execution of the same test, under varying vision conditions, on postural balance among adolescents with intellectual disability (ID).

Methods: Twenty adolescents underwent balance assessments under different visual conditions (Open Eyes (OE), Closed Eyes (CE), Flash, Goggles, Visual Stimulation (VS)) and task settings (Single Task (ST), Dual Task (DT) without challenges, and DT with challenges). The cognitive test was assessed using Verbal Fluency (VF).

Time-series metaproteogenomics of a high-CO aquifer reveals active viruses with fluctuating abundances and broad host ranges.

Ecosystems subject to mantle degassing are of particular interest for understanding global biogeochemistry, as their microbiomes are shaped by prolonged exposure to high CO and have recently been suggested to be highly active. While the genetic diversity of bacteria and archaea in these deep biosphere systems have been studied extensively, little is known about how viruses impact these microbial communities. Here, we show that the viral community in a high-CO cold-water geyser (Wallender Born, Germany) undergoes substantial fluctuations over a period of 12 days, although the corresponding prokaryotic community remains stable, indicating a newly observed "infect to keep in check" strategy that maintains prokaryotic community structure.

Ligand cross-feeding resolves bacterial vitamin B auxotrophies.

Cobalamin (vitamin B, herein referred to as B) is an essential cofactor for most marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Synthesized by a limited number of prokaryotes, its scarcity affects microbial interactions and community dynamics. Here we show that two bacterial B auxotrophs can salvage different B building blocks and cooperate to synthesize B.

Bacteriophage Taxonomy: A Continually Evolving Discipline.

While taxonomy is an often underappreciated branch of science, it serves very important roles. Bacteriophage taxonomy has evolved from a discipline based mainly on morphology, characterized by the work of David Bradley and Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann, to the sequence-based approach that is taken today. The Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) takes a holistic approach to classifying prokaryote viruses by measuring overall DNA and protein similarity and phylogeny before making decisions about the taxonomic position of a new virus.

Effects of Smartphone Activities on Postural Balance in Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities.

Considering the rising prevalence of smartphone usage among adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their frequent motor challenges, understanding its impact on their physical well-being is important. This study aims to investigate the impact of smartphone activities on postural balance in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Two groups of adolescents participated in the study: an intellectual disability group (IDG) ( = 16) and atypical development group (TDG) ( = 12).

Spatio-functional organization in virocells of small uncultivated archaea from the deep biosphere.

Despite important ecological roles posited for virocells (i.e., cells infected with viruses), studying individual cells in situ is technically challenging.

VirClust-A Tool for Hierarchical Clustering, Core Protein Detection and Annotation of () Viruses.

Recent years have seen major changes in the classification criteria and taxonomy of viruses. The current classification scheme, also called "megataxonomy of viruses", recognizes six different viral realms, defined based on the presence of viral hallmark genes (VHGs). Within the realms, viruses are classified into hierarchical taxons, ideally defined by the phylogeny of their shared genes.

Virus-Host Dynamics in Archaeal Groundwater Biofilms and the Associated Bacterial Community Composition.

Spatial and temporal distribution of lytic viruses in deep groundwater remains unexplored so far. Here, we tackle this gap of knowledge by studying viral infections of Altivir_1_MSI in biofilms dominated by the uncultivated host Altiarchaeum hamiconexum sampled from deep anoxic groundwater over a period of four years. Using virus-targeted direct-geneFISH (virusFISH) whose detection efficiency for individual viral particles was 15%, we show a significant and steady increase of virus infections from 2019 to 2022.

Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee.

This article summarises the activities of the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses for the period of March 2021-March 2022. We provide an overview of the new taxa proposed in 2021, approved by the Executive Committee, and ratified by vote in 2022. Significant changes to the taxonomy of bacterial viruses were introduced: the paraphyletic morphological families Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Myoviridae as well as the order Caudovirales were abolished, and a binomial system of nomenclature for species was established.

New isolated from reveals two cosmopolitan subfamilies of single-stranded DNA phages infecting marine and terrestrial Alphaproteobacteria.

The family represents one of the major clades of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages. Their cultivated members are lytic and infect Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chlamydiae. Prophages have been predicted in the genomes from Bacteroidales, Hyphomicrobiales, and Enterobacteriaceae and cluster within the 'Alpavirinae', 'Amoyvirinae', and .

The impact of resistance exercise range of motion on the magnitude of upper-body post-activation performance enhancement.

Background: Various studies have used different exercise protocols as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) stimulus; however, little attention has been given to the effects of exercise range of motion on the PAPE effect and subsequent performance enhancement. This study aimed to compare the PAPE responses induced by the bench press performed with different ranges of motion on subsequent bench press throw performance.

Methods: Ten resistance-trained males (age: 26 ± 3 years; body mass: 93.

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Inhibit Phage Infection by Blocking an Early Step of the Infection Cycle.

In response to viral predation, bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms, which rely mostly on proteins acting at the cellular level. Here, we show that aminoglycosides, a well-known class of antibiotics produced by , are potent inhibitors of phage infection in widely divergent bacterial hosts. We demonstrate that aminoglycosides block an early step of the viral life cycle, prior to genome replication.

Imaging Techniques for Detecting Prokaryotic Viruses in Environmental Samples.

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth with an estimate of 10 viral particles across all ecosystems. Prokaryotic viruses-bacteriophages and archaeal viruses-influence global biogeochemical cycles by shaping microbial communities through predation, through the effect of horizontal gene transfer on the host genome evolution, and through manipulating the host cellular metabolism. Imaging techniques have played an important role in understanding the biology and lifestyle of prokaryotic viruses.

Highly diverse flavobacterial phages isolated from North Sea spring blooms.

It is generally recognized that phages are a mortality factor for their bacterial hosts. This could be particularly true in spring phytoplankton blooms, which are known to be closely followed by a highly specialized bacterial community. We hypothesized that phages modulate these dense heterotrophic bacteria successions following phytoplankton blooms.

Metabolic history and metabolic fitness as drivers of anabolic heterogeneity in isogenic microbial populations.

Microbial populations often display different degrees of heterogeneity in their substrate assimilation, that is, anabolic heterogeneity. It has been shown that nutrient limitations are a relevant trigger for this behaviour. Here we explore the dynamics of anabolic heterogeneity under nutrient replete conditions.

Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the ICTV: update of taxonomy changes in 2021.

In this article, we - the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) - summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 - March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).

Lytic archaeal viruses infect abundant primary producers in Earth's crust.

The continental subsurface houses a major portion of life's abundance and diversity, yet little is known about viruses infecting microbes that reside there. Here, we use a combination of metagenomics and virus-targeted direct-geneFISH (virusFISH) to show that highly abundant carbon-fixing organisms of the uncultivated genus Candidatus Altiarchaeum are frequent targets of previously unrecognized viruses in the deep subsurface. Analysis of CRISPR spacer matches display resistances of Ca.

efam: an expanded, metaproteome-supported HMM profile database of viral protein families.

Motivation: Viruses infect, reprogram and kill microbes, leading to profound ecosystem consequences, from elemental cycling in oceans and soils to microbiome-modulated diseases in plants and animals. Although metagenomic datasets are increasingly available, identifying viruses in them is challenging due to poor representation and annotation of viral sequences in databases.

Results: Here, we establish efam, an expanded collection of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profiles that represent viral protein families conservatively identified from the Global Ocean Virome 2.

Linking Microbes to Their Genes at Single Cell Level with Direct-geneFISH.

Direct-geneFISH is a Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) method that directly links gene presence, and thus potential metabolic capabilities, to cell identity. The method uses rRNA-targeting oligonucleotide probes to identify cells and dsDNA polynucleotide probes carrying multiple molecules of the same fluorochrome to detect genes. In addition, direct-geneFISH allows quantification of the cell fraction carrying the targeted gene and the number of target genes per cell.

Gene-PROBER - a tool to design polynucleotide probes for targeting microbial genes.

Recent developments in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods allow the detection and visualization of the genes/genomic regions of bacteria, archaea and infecting viruses at the single cell level. These methods use mixtures of polynucleotides as probes to specifically detect the target of interest. Gene-PROBER enables the design of polynucleotide mixtures for targeting genes or genomic regions in microorganisms.

VIRIDIC-A Novel Tool to Calculate the Intergenomic Similarities of Prokaryote-Infecting Viruses.

Nucleotide-based intergenomic similarities are useful to understand how viruses are related with each other and to classify them. Here we have developed VIRIDIC, which implements the traditional algorithm used by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee, to calculate virus intergenomic similarities. When compared with other software, VIRIDIC gave the best agreement with the traditional algorithm, which is based on the percent identity between two genomes determined by BLASTN.

Understanding the Factors Influencing Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles-Protein Corona Interaction and Drug Delivery Applications.

Chitosan is a polymer that is extensively used to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) with tailored properties for applications in many fields of human activities. Among them, targeted drug delivery, especially when cancer therapy is the main interest, is a major application of chitosan-based NPs. Due to its positive charges, chitosan is used to produce the core of the NPs or to cover NPs made from other types of polymers, both strategies aiming to protect the carried drug until NPs reach the target sites and to facilitate the uptake and drug delivery into these cells.

Visualization of Viral Infection Dynamics in a Unicellular Eukaryote and Quantification of Viral Production Using Virus Fluorescence Hybridization.

One of the major challenges in viral ecology is to assess the impact of viruses in controlling the abundance of specific hosts in the environment. To this end, techniques that enable the detection and quantification of virus-host interactions at the single-cell level are essential. With this goal in mind, we implemented virus fluorescence hybridization (VirusFISH) using as a model the marine picoeukaryote and its virus virus 5 (OtV5).