Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of HIV Infection among Detainees: A Review of the Literature.

Detainees are one of the most vulnerable populations to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is mostly caused by the lack of knowledge on the topic among the inmates; the lack of prophylaxis; the high percentage of risky behaviors in jail, such as sexual abuse, unprotected sexual intercourses, and injective drug use; and the generally low perception of the risk of transmission. It has also been observed that the problem does not cease to exist at the moment of release, but it also may be aggravated by the weak support system or the total absence of programs for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to avoid discontinuation of antiretroviral drugs.

Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccination in People Living with HIV: A Public Health Fundamental Tool for the Protection of Patients and the Correct Management of Infection.

HIV/AIDS is considered a risk factor for increased mortality due to COVID-19. For this reason, it is essential to include this population in vaccination campaigns. Studies found that antibodies are lower in HIV+ patients than in healthy individuals.

HIV and Mediterranean Zoonoses: A Review of the Literature.

A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Some zoonoses are very common in the Mediterranean area and endemic in specific regions, so they represent an important problem for public health. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that has originated as a zoonosis and is now diffused globally, with the most significant numbers of infected people among the infectious diseases.

Thyroid Diseases and Thyroid Asymptomatic Dysfunction in People Living With HIV.

Thyroid diseases (TDs) and thyroid asymptomatic dysfunctions (TADs) are correlated with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as well as many endocrine dysfunctions and dysregulation of hormonal axes. To date, available studies on People Living With HIV (PLWH) affected by thyroid diseases and asymptomatic dysfunctions are few and rather controversial. The purpose of the present non-systematic literature review is to recap the current knowledge on the main features of thyroid dysfunctions and disorders in PLWH.

Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis in hemodialysis patients with COVID-19: epiphenomenon or marker of severe clinical disease?

Pandemic condition due to Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused a fastest augmentation of hospitalization, impairing the healthcare organization. As a consequence, diagnostic and therapeutic delays have been showed. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is an endothelial disease related to SARSCoV-2 infection.

Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma without Respiratory Symptoms and Skin Lesions in an HIV-Naïve Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal lympho-angioproliferative, mesenchymal low-grade tumor associated with a γ2-herpesvirus, named Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus or human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). The lung is considered a usual anatomical location of KS, despite being infrequent, often in association with extensive mucocutaneous lesions and very uncommonly as an isolated event. We report a case of a pulmonary KS (pKS) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve patient, which was atypical due to a lack of cutaneous involvement and an absence of respiratory symptoms.

Loco-Regional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in People Living with HIV.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75-90% of primary liver cancers and is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the HIV-positive population, the risk of HCC is approximately four times higher than in the general population, with higher cancer-specific mortality than in HIV-negative patients. In most cases, HCC diagnosis is made in patients younger than the HIV-negative population and in the intermediate-advanced stage, thus limiting the therapeutic possibilities.

Favourable course in a cohort of Parkinson's disease patients infected by SARS-CoV-2: a single-centre experience.

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a dramatic impact on the healthcare system due to the rapid, worldwide spread of the virus, highlighting several considerations on the best management of infected patients and also potential risks and prognostic factors in patients with pre-existing chronic diseases exposed to the virus. Neurodegenerative disorders are known to be chronic, disabling diseases that imply a higher vulnerability to infections, and for this reason, it has been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection may have a worse course in these patients. In the present study, we report our experience with 12 patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) who became infected with SARS-Cov-2 due to a COVID-19 outbreak in a care residency, and thus hospitalised in our COVID hospital.

Malignant melanoma in HIV: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management.

People affected by immunodeficiency, and especially those infected by HIV, are burdened by a higher risk of developing malignancies. It has been estimated that the incidence of melanoma in HIV-infected people is 2.6-fold higher than in uninfected ones.

Key Components of Different Plant Defense Pathways Are Dispensable for Powdery Mildew Resistance of the Arabidopsis Triple Mutant.

Loss of function mutations of particular plant () genes confer durable and broad-spectrum penetration resistance against powdery mildew fungi. Here, we combined genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to explore the defense mechanisms in the fully resistant triple mutant. We found that this genotype unexpectedly overcomes the requirement for indolic antimicrobials and defense-related secretion, which are critical for incomplete resistance of single mutants.

Interaction of a Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei effector candidate with a barley ARF-GAP suggests that host vesicle trafficking is a fungal pathogenicity target.

Filamentous phytopathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete effector proteins to establish successful interactions with their plant hosts. In contrast with oomycetes, little is known about effector functions in true fungi. We used a bioinformatics pipeline to identify Blumeria effector candidates (BECs) from the obligate biotrophic barley powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f.

Transcriptome analysis of enriched Golovinomyces orontii haustoria by deep 454 pyrosequencing.

Powdery mildews are phytopathogenic ascomycetes that have an obligate biotrophic lifestyle and establish intimate relationships with their plant hosts. A crucial aspect of this plant-fungus interaction is the formation of specialized fungal infection structures termed haustoria. Although located within the cell boundaries of plant epidermal cells, haustoria remain separated from the plant cytoplasm by a host plasma membrane derivative, the extrahaustorial membrane.

Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism.

Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.

Biogenesis of a specialized plant-fungal interface during host cell internalization of Golovinomyces orontii haustoria.

Powdery mildew fungi are biotrophic pathogens that require living plant cells for their growth and reproduction. Elaboration of a specialized cell called a haustorium is essential for their pathogenesis, providing a portal into host cells for nutrient uptake and delivery of virulence effectors. Haustoria are enveloped by a modified plant plasma membrane, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), and an extrahaustorial matrix (EHMx), across which molecular exchange must occur, but the origin and composition of this interfacial zone remains obscure.

Coevolution between a family of parasite virulence effectors and a class of LINE-1 retrotransposons.

Parasites are able to evolve rapidly and overcome host defense mechanisms, but the molecular basis of this adaptation is poorly understood. Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) are obligate biotrophic parasites infecting nearly 10,000 plant genera. They obtain their nutrients from host plants through specialized feeding structures known as haustoria.

Extracellular transport and integration of plant secretory proteins into pathogen-induced cell wall compartments.

Many fungal parasites enter plant cells by penetrating the host cell wall and, thereafter, differentiate specialized intracellular feeding structures, called haustoria, by invagination of the plant's plasma membrane. Arabidopsis PEN gene products are known to act at the cell periphery and function in the execution of apoplastic immune responses to limit fungal entry. This response underneath fungal contact sites is tightly linked with the deposition of plant cell wall polymers, including PMR4/GSL5-dependent callose, in the paramural space, thereby producing localized wall thickenings called papillae.

The Powdery Mildew Disease of Arabidopsis: A Paradigm for the Interaction between Plants and Biotrophic Fungi.

The powdery mildew diseases, caused by fungal species of the Erysiphales, have an important economic impact on a variety of plant species and have driven basic and applied research efforts in the field of phytopathology for many years. Although the first taxonomic reports on the Erysiphales date back to the 1850's, advances into the molecular biology of these fungal species have been hampered by their obligate biotrophic nature and difficulties associated with their cultivation and genetic manipulation in the laboratory. The discovery in the 1990's of a few species of powdery mildew fungi that cause disease on Arabidopsis has opened a new chapter in this research field.

Degradation of survivin by the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-XAF1 complex.

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a putative tumor suppressor in which expression is significantly reduced in human cancer cell lines and primary tumors. The proapoptotic effects of XAF1 have been attributed to both caspase-dependent and -independent means. In particular, XAF1 reverses the anti-caspase activity of XIAP, a physiological inhibitor of apoptosis.

Silencing of the XAF1 gene by promoter hypermethylation in cancer cells and reactivation to TRAIL-sensitization by IFN-beta.

Background: XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a putative tumor suppressor that exerts its proapoptotic effects through both caspase-dependent and -independent means. Loss of XAF1 expression through promoter methylation has been implicated in the process of tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. In this report, we investigated the role of basal xaf1 promoter methylation in xaf1 expression and assessed the responsiveness of cancer cell lines to XAF1 induction by IFN-beta.

A nonself recognition gene complex in Neurospora crassa.

Nonself recognition is exemplified in the fungal kingdom by the regulation of cell fusion events between genetically different individuals (heterokaryosis). The het-6 locus is one of approximately 10 loci that control heterokaryon incompatibility during vegetative growth of N. crassa.

On the independence of barrage formation and heterokaryon incompatibility in Neurospora crassa.

A barrage is a line or zone of demarcation that may develop at the interface where genetically different fungi meet. Barrage formation represents a type of nonself recognition that has often been attributed to the heterokaryon incompatibility system, which limits the co-occurrence of genetically different nuclei in the same cytoplasm during the asexual phase of the life cycle. While the genetic basis of the heterokaryon incompatibility system is well characterized in Neurospora crassa, barrage formation has not been thoroughly investigated.