Face-to-face and online teaching experience on experimental animals and alternative methods with nursing students: a research study.

Background: Animal models are increasingly used in Nursing science to study care approaches. Despite the scientific relevance and the ethical debate surrounding the use of experimental animals, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature exploring this topic in Nursing Schools.

Aim: To evaluate perceptions and attitudes of nursing students enrolled in a Pharmacology course on the use of experimental animals and implementation of alternative methods, by comparing the experience for two academic years.

Enrofloxacin: pharmacokinetics and metabolism in domestic animal species.

Enrofloxacin is a fluorquinolone exclusively developed for use in veterinary medicine (1980). The kinetics of enrofloxacin are characterized, in general terms, by high bioavailability in most species and rapid absorption after IM, SC or oral administration. However, several studies reported that enrofloxacin showed low bioavailability after oral administration in ruminants.

Tissue distribution of enrofloxacin after intramammary or simulated systemic administration in isolated perfused sheep udders.

Objective: To determine the tissue distribution of enrofloxacin after intramammary or simulated systemic administration in isolated perfused sheep udders by measuring its concentration at various sample collection sites.

Sample: 26 udders (obtained following euthanasia) from 26 healthy lactating sheep.

Procedures: For each isolated udder, 1 mammary gland was perfused with warmed, gassed Tyrode solution.

[Patient safety in clinical trials with drugs for human use].

A clinical trial is a planned study which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of health interventions. The first step of a clinical trial is to develop a hypothesis or a question which answer is desired. This question will be the main factor of the methodology of the trial, of the included subjects, of the type of trial, duration, etc.