The effect of reactor scale on biochars and pyrolysis liquids from slow pyrolysis of coffee silverskin, grape pomace and olive mill waste, in auger reactors.

Several studies have addressed the potential biorefinery, through small-scale pyrolysis, of coffee silverskin (CSS), grape pomace (GP) and olive mill waste (OMW), which are respectively the main solid residues from coffee roasting, wine making and olive oil production processes. However, increasing the scale of reactor to bring these studies to an industrial level may affect the properties, and hence applications, of the resulting products. The aim of this study is therefore to perform pilot scale experiments to compare and verify the results of analytical study (TGA) and bench scale reactor runs, in order to understand the fundamental differences and create correlations between pyrolysis runs at different scales.

Production of antioxidants and other value-added compounds from coffee silverskin via pyrolysis under a biorefinery approach.

The coffee roasting industry produces about 0.4 Mt of coffee silverskin (CSS) per year, the only residue generated from the roasting process that is mostly disposed as industrial waste. The aim of this study is to convert CSS into value-added products by intermediate pyrolysis, transforming the waste into a resource within an integrated biorefinery perspective.

A modified Delphi survey on the signs and symptoms of low back pain: indicators for an interventional management approach.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) symptoms and signs are nonspecific. If required, diagnostic blocks may find the source of pain, but indicators of suspect diagnosis must be defined to identify anatomical targets.

Objective: To reach a consensus from an expert panel on the indicators for the most common causes of LBP.

Trans-facet-joint approach to pulsed radiofrequency ablation of the L5 dorsal root ganglion in a patient with degenerative spondylosis and scoliosis.

Mechanical low back pain secondary to degenerative facet joint changes is a common reason for referral to pain clinics. When these changes cause encroachment into the intervertebral foramen, radicular pain may result. While pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglion can be used in this setting, the anatomic deformity may make the transforaminal approach difficult.

Thermocoagulation of the ganglion impar or ganglion of Walther: description of a modified approach. Preliminary results in chronic, nononcological pain.

The ganglion impar, a single structure usually found at the anterior aspect of the sacrococcygeal joint, is the lowest ganglion of the paravertebral sympathetic chain. Its blockade is indicated in visceral pain syndromes and/or sympathetic pain syndromes of the perineal region. Several approaches to this block have been described, mainly through the anococcygeal or sacrococcygeal ligaments.

Dual spinal cord stimulation for complex pain: preliminary study.

Objectives  To retrospectively analyze by indices of success, patients with chronic complex pain, including, axial low back pain, receiving dual spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems. Methods  Eighteen patients with dual spinal cord stimulators have been retrospectively and nonrandomly analyzed. The preponderance of patients in our study group had failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS).