IL10 and CXCL10 mRNA expression in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.

Background: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a rare non-IgE-mediated food allergy that mainly impacts babies and 7toddlers. The exact mechanism of FPIES is not completely understood. By studying the expression of IL-10 and CXCL10 in pediatric FPIES patients, researchers can gain insights into the immune mechanisms underlying this disorder.

Characteristics of RNA Stabilizer RNApro for Peripheral Blood Collection.

Peripheral blood is the most practical tissue for human immune system gene expression profiling because it is easily accessible, whereas the site of primary infection in certain diseases may not be easily accessible. Due to the ex vivo instability of RNA transcripts, a key challenge in the gene expression analysis of blood samples is the rapid sample handling and stabilization of the mRNA by adding an RNA preservative (PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes, Tempus Blood RNA tubes, RNAlater Stabilization Reagent, RNAgard Blood Tubes). BioMole (Turin, Italy) has developed a novel blood stabilizer, called RNApro, in which RNA is stabilized during phlebotomy and sample storage.

Nasopharyngeal and Peripheral Blood Type II Interferon Signature Evaluation in Infants during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.

In this study, we applied one-step real time rt-PCR technology type II INF signature to blood and nasopharyngeal (NPS) swabs of acute early recovery children < 1 years hospitalized for bronchiolitis with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. A prospective observational case-control study was conducted in 2021-2022. The study took place in Children Hospital "Regina Margherita", Torino Italy.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian students' mental health and relationships: differences between adolescent males and females.

Background: The negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of young people have been reported, often with possible differences between the sexes. This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the differences in mental health status and healthy behaviors between adolescent males and females.

Methods: An online questionnaire exploring sociodemographic characteristics, living conditions, mental health, behaviors, and relationships during the implementation of the COVID-19 social restriction measures, was administered to 16-18 years old high school students living in the metropolitan area of Turin.

Peripheral Blood and Nasopharyngeal Swab MiRNA-155 Expression in Infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.

Introduction: MicroRNA (miR) 155 has been implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity as well as antiviral responses, but its role during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of miR-155 using pharyngeal swabs and peripheral blood in infants with RSV infection and uninfected controls.

Methods: A prospective age-matched study was conducted in primary care in Torino from 1 August 2018 to 31 January 2020.

Children with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia Exhibit High Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses TRIM28 and SETDB1.

Chronic immune thrombocytopenia (CITP) is an autoimmune disease whose underlying biologic mechanisms remain elusive. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) derive from ancestral infections and constitute about 8% of our genome. A wealth of clinical and experimental studies highlights their pivotal pathogenetic role in autoimmune diseases.

Pregnancy Is Associated with Impaired Transcription of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and of TRIM28 and SETDB1, Particularly in Mothers Affected by Multiple Sclerosis.

Accumulating evidence highlights the pathogenetic role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in eliciting and maintaining multiple sclerosis (MS). Epigenetic mechanisms, such as those regulated by TRIM 28 and SETDB1, are implicated in HERV activation and in neuroinflammatory disorders, including MS. Pregnancy markedly improves the course of MS, but no study explored the expressions of HERVs and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 during gestation.

Enhanced Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses, TRIM28 and SETDB1 in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are relics of ancestral infections and represent 8% of the human genome. They are no longer infectious, but their activation has been associated with several disorders, including neuropsychiatric conditions. Enhanced expression of HERV-K and HERV-H envelope genes has been found in the blood of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients, but no information is available on syncytin 1 (SYN1), SYN2, and multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV), which are thought to be implicated in brain development and immune responses.

Enhanced expression of endogenous retroviruses and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 in children with food allergy.

Background: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent 8% of our genome. They originate from ancestral infections and although no longer contagious they can regulate transcription of adjacent cellular genes, produce viral RNAs sensed as non-self by pattern recognition receptors, and encode viral proteins, such as Syncytin (SYN) 1 and 2, that exhibit potent immunomodulatory properties. Based on this, HERVs have been studied and proposed as relevant cofactors in several chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.

Assessment of interferon gamma and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 analysis during respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants in Italy: an observational case-control study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) values in the White blood cells of infants during respiratory tract infections and to compare these with healthy age-matched controls.

Design: This was a prospective, observational case-control study conducted in 2019-2020.

Setting: The study took place at Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.

Evaluation of the FCGR2B polymorphism in children with immune thrombocytopenia.

Background: Childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by an isolated low platelet count. Pathogenesis of ITP is complex but many patients have platelet specific autoantibodies leading to accelerated clearance of opsonized platelets by Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) bearing phagocytes, particularly in the spleen. In humans, there are three main types of Fcγ receptors: high-affinity FcγRI and low-affinity FcγRII and FcγRIII.

Macrophage Receptor With Collagenous Structure Polymorphism and Recurrent Respiratory Infections and Wheezing During Infancy: A 5-Years Follow-Up Study.

Recurrent wheezing is a common clinical manifestation in childhood, and respiratory syncytial virus infection is a well-known risk factor. However, the genetic background favoring the development of recurrent wheezing is not fully understood. A possible role of macrophage receptor with collagenous gene (MARCO) polymorphism has been recently proposed.

COVID-19 in Children: Expressions of Type I/II/III Interferons, TRIM28, SETDB1, and Endogenous Retroviruses in Mild and Severe Cases.

Children with the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have milder symptoms and a better prognosis than adult patients. Several investigations assessed type I, II, and III interferon (IFN) signatures in SARS-CoV-2 infected adults, however no data are available for pediatric patients. TRIM28 and SETDB1 regulate the transcription of multiple genes involved in the immune response as well as of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs).

Comparison of methods for isolating fungal DNA.

Objectives: The main aim of this work was to compare the methods of DNA isolation in the moulds of genus with special regard to the amount and purity of the DNA acquired. The acquired DNA was then amplified by specific real-time PCR.

Design: Five DNA extraction procedures were carried out in a Class 2 Biosafety cabinet in a dedicated room with suitable biosafety precautions and appropriate biowaste disposal methods.

TaqMan real time PCR for the Detection of the Gilbert's Syndrome Markers UGT1A1*28; UGT1A1*36 and UGT1A1*37.

Gilbert's syndrome is characterized by mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The key of this disease is a diminished activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1). TA insertion into the TATA box promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene on chromosome 2 is the genetic basis of Gilbert's syndrome (UGT1A1*28).

Bufavirus, Cosavirus, and Salivirus in Diarrheal Italian Infants.

Three newly discovered viruses have been recently described in diarrheal patients: Cosavirus (CosV) and Salivirus (SalV), 2 picornaviruses, and bufavirus (BuV), a parvovirus. The detection rate and the role of these viruses remain to be established in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in diarrheal Italian infants. From November 2016 to November 2017, stool samples were collected from 160 children <5 years old suffering from AGE and attending the Children's Hospital in Turin, Italy.

Overexpression of endogenous retroviruses in children with celiac disease.

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent 8% of our genome. Although no longer infectious, they can regulate transcription of adjacent cellular genes, produce retroviral RNAs, and encode viral proteins that can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Based on this, HERVs have been studied and proposed as contributing factors in various autoimmune disorders.

Lack of detection of HPyV12 DNA using real-time PCR in Italian infants with diarrhea.

Background: HPyV12 was found in organs of the digestive tract, in particular the liver but also in colon, rectum and feces. Until now, the prevalence of HPyV12 is not well characterized.

Methods: In this study, we investigate the presence of this novel polyomavirus DNA in stool specimens collected from under-five-year-old children with gastroenteritis compared to healthy infants.

Chronic HCV Infection Is Associated with Overexpression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses that Persists after Drug-Induced Viral Clearance.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with several hepatic and extrahepatic complications, including cancers and autoimmune disorders, whose frequency is reduced but not abolished after drug-induced viral clearance. The causes of these complications and of their persistence are ill-defined. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancestral infections and constitute 8% of the human genome.

Modulation of human endogenous retroviruses -H, -W and -K transcription by microbes.

The human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are endogenous retroviruses that are inserted into the germ cell DNA of humans over 30 million years ago. Using real-time RT-PCR we describe HERV modulation by commensal microbes in the human gut. Infants, exclusively or predominant breast milk feeding, less than 12 weeks of age, during bacteria gut colonization, were assessed for eligibility.

Mir-155 expression is downregulated in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short length double strand genome encoded RNAs that are produced to repress post-transcriptionally the expression of cellular mRNAs. 2578 unique mature miRNAs are currently annotated in the human genome and participate in the regulation of multiple events, such as cellular proliferation or apoptosis. The over-expression of miR-155 of cellular origin might play a key role in the life cycle of EBV.

Quantification of fecal adenovirus viral load and correlation with Vesikari Score in children with acute gastroenteritis.

Background: Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and gastroenteritis. In addition to enteric serotypes 40 and 41, some serotypes belonging to subgroups A, B, and C have also been implicated to be etiological agents of gastroenteritis among infants and young children. The Vesikari Scoring System (VSS) is the severity scale that was originally developed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines on 20 points.

DSM 17938 Probiotics May Increase CC-Chemokine Receptor 7 Expression in Infants Treated With for Colic.

Studies have shown that ri probiotics can affect cells that play a key role in the immune system. This Italian study investigated how DSM 17938 influenced CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in breastfed colicky infants. Our University hospital in Turin recruited 50 healthy outpatients, at a median age of approximately 1 month, from September 2017 to August 2018.

Peritoneal mesothelioma and asbestos exposure: a population-based case-control study in Lombardy, Italy.

Objectives: Asbestos is the main risk factor for peritoneal mesothelioma (PeM). However, due to its rarity, PeM has rarely been investigated in community-based studies. We examined the association between asbestos exposure and PeM risk in a general population in Lombardy, Italy.