Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Screening and Referral to Prevention for Youth Risky Health Behaviors: Evidence Regarding Potential Cost-Savings and Provider Concerns.

Despite growing evidence and support for co-locating behavioral services in primary care to prevent risky health behaviors, implementation of these services has been limited due to a lack of reimbursement for services and negative perceptions among providers. We investigated potential to overcome these barriers based on new developments in healthcare funding and screening and referral to prevention (SRP) in primary care based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), which could guide future SRP implementation strategies. To investigate the economic need for healthcare-based SRP, we quantified hospital charges to healthcare payors for services arising from adolescent risky behaviors (e.

Residential Transience Among Adults: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Association with Mental Illness and Mental Health Service Use.

This study examined the association between frequent residential mobility (i.e., residential transience) and mental illness, mental health service use, and unmet need for services.

Correlates of exposure to potentially traumatic experiences: Results from a national household survey.

Objective: Prior studies have indicated that exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) may increase the risk of poor mental and physical health outcomes. This study's main goal is to examine the association between PTE exposures and having any past year mental disorder, substance use disorder (SUD), or functional impairment and to explore the moderating effects of age and gender on these associations in a nationally representative sample of civilian adults living in U.S.

Is the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence invariant across secular trends in smoking? A question for cross-birth cohort analysis of nicotine dependence.

Background: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a derivation of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, was first published in 1991. The FTND remains one of the most widely used measures of nicotine dependence for studying genetic and epidemiological risk factors and the likelihood of smoking cessation. However, it is unclear whether secular trends in patterns of smoking alter the psychometric properties of the FTND and its interpretation.

Measures of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) community viral load and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs.

Purpose: To evaluate the measures of community human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (VL) and the association with HIV incidence among people who inject drugs (PWID).

Methods: Data were from 1986 to 1999 Urban Health Study conducted among PWID in the San Francisco Bay Area. Extant measures of community VL use mean VL among HIV + study participants, not accounting for the proportion of HIV- individuals.

Alcohol Initiation and Progression to Use, Heavy Episodic Use, and Alcohol Use Disorder Among Young Adolescents Ages 12-14 Living in U.S. Households.

Objective: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of past-year alcohol initiation among young adolescents ages 12-14 and, among recent initiates, progression to current use, heavy episodic use, and alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Method: The 2004-2013 data from the annual cross-sectional National Survey of Drug Use and Health among 12- to 14-year-olds living in civilian U.S.

Marijuana Use, Recent Marijuana Initiation, and Progression to Marijuana Use Disorder Among Young Male and Female Adolescents Aged 12-14 Living in US Households.

Marijuana initiation during adolescence, and early adolescence in particular, is associated with adverse health consequences. Our study used 2005-2014 data from the annual, cross-sectional National Survey on Drug Use and Health to study the prevalence and correlates of marijuana initiation, use, and marijuana use disorder (MUD; abuse or dependence) among 12- to 14-year olds living in civilian US households (n = 84 954). Examined correlates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty status, metropolitan status, year of survey, depression, tobacco use, alcohol use, and fighting at school.

Residential Mobility, Transience, Depression, and Marijuana Use Initiation Among Adolescents and Young Adults.

Marijuana use initiation is associated with numerous health and behavioral consequences, particularly among young adolescents. Finding easily identifiable risk markers for marijuana initiation is an important step for targeting primary and secondary prevention efforts. This study used data from the 2010-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to evaluate the association between residential mobility (no mobility, low mobility, high mobility [ie, transience]), and major depressive episode(s) (MDE) on marijuana initiation among adolescents (12-17) and young adults (18-20).

KAT2B polymorphism identified for drug abuse in African Americans with regulatory links to drug abuse pathways in human prefrontal cortex.

Drug abuse is a common and heritable set of disorders, but the underlying genetic factors are largely unknown. We conducted genome-wide association studies of drug abuse using 7 million imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions in African Americans (AAs; n = 3742) and European Americans (EAs; n = 6845). Cases were drawn from the Urban Health Study of street-recruited people, who injected drugs and reported abusing opioids, cocaine, marijuana, stimulants and/or other drugs 10 or more times in the past 30 days, and were compared with population controls.

Prescription pain reliever misuse and levels of pain impairment: 3-year course in a nationally representative outpatient sample of US adults.

Background: The primary aim of this work was to present the prevalence data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a representative 3-year longitudinal survey (ages 18+ years) that captured information on patterns of self-reported pain interference and prescription pain reliever misuse. A second aim was to assess the degree to which the risk of various types of opioid misuse (onset, desistance, and incidence of dependence) was related to the longitudinal course of self-reported pain interference over the 3-year period.

Methods: We used a two-wave, nationally representative sample of adults (aged 18+ years) in which the baseline data were collected during 2001-2002 and a single follow-up was obtained ~3 years later (2004-2005 with 34,332 respondents with complete data on study variables for both waves).

The role of mental illness on cigarette dependence and successful quitting in a nationally representative, household-based sample of U.S. adults.

Purpose: To begin to explore whether the association between mental illness (MI), cigarette dependence, and unsuccessful quit attempts differs across particular demographic subgroups.

Methods: This study examines data from adults aged 18 years or older participating in the 2008-2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Analyses explored the moderating effects of age, gender, and race and/or ethnicity on associations between three levels of MI: (serious mental illness [SMI], any mental illness but no SMI, and no MI) and two smoking-related outcomes (cigarette dependence among current smokers and successful quitting among ever daily smokers).

Variation in the Relationship Between Mental Illness and Residential Transience by Race-Ethnicity.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between residential transience (moving frequently) and mental illness.

Methods: The analyses used data for approximately 154,400 adults from the 2008-2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the odds of transience among all adults and by race-ethnicity.

Novel genetic locus implicated for HIV-1 acquisition with putative regulatory links to HIV replication and infectivity: a genome-wide association study.

Fifty percent of variability in HIV-1 susceptibility is attributable to host genetics. Thus identifying genetic associations is essential to understanding pathogenesis of HIV-1 and important for targeting drug development. To date, however, CCR5 remains the only gene conclusively associated with HIV acquisition.

Cis-Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Reveals Replicable Associations with Heroin Addiction in OPRM1.

Background: No opioid receptor, mu 1 (OPRM1) gene polymorphisms, including the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1799971, have been conclusively associated with heroin/other opioid addiction, despite their biological plausibility. We used evidence of polymorphisms altering OPRM1 expression in normal human brain tissue to nominate and then test associations with heroin addiction.

Methods: We tested 103 OPRM1 SNPs for association with OPRM1 messenger RNA expression in prefrontal cortex from 224 European Americans and African Americans of the BrainCloud cohort.

Cigarette smoking behaviors among adults with serious mental illness in a nationally representative sample.

Purpose: This study updates nationally representative information on cigarette smoking behaviors among adults with mental illness, particularly serious mental illness (SMI), to serve as a new benchmark for smoking cessation initiatives.

Methods: Data are from the 2008-2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Prevalence estimates for past month daily smoking, heavy smoking, mean cigarettes consumed per day, nicotine dependence, past month quit ratio, and proportion of cigarettes consumed are presented by mental illness status.

Prevalence of serious psychological distress and mental health treatment in a national sample of pregnant and postpartum women.

This study examines the prevalence and correlates of past month serious psychological distress (SPD) and past year mental health treatment (MHT) across pregnancy and the postpartum. Data are from the 2008 to 2012 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Prevalence estimates of SPD as well as MHT among women with SPD were generated for each trimester and across the postpartum period.

Exposure to maternal pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms: risk for major depression, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorder in adolescent offspring.

This study evaluated whether exposure to maternal pre- or postnatal depression or anxiety symptoms predicted psychopathology in adolescent offspring. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories of pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms in 577 women of low socioeconomic status selected from a prenatal clinic. Logistic regression models indicated that maternal pre- and postnatal depression trajectory exposure was not associated with offspring major depression, anxiety, or conduct disorder, but exposure to the high depression trajectory was associated with lower anxiety symptoms in males.

Influence of mental health and substance use problems and criminogenic risk on outcomes in serious juvenile offenders.

Objective: To investigate the relations among certain mental health problems (MHPs; affective, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], and substance use disorders), criminogenic risk, and outcomes in a sample of serious adolescent offenders.

Method: Using data from a longitudinal study of serious adolescent offenders (N = 949; mean age = 16 years, SD = 1.10 years; 84% male; 78% minority), we evaluated the association of MHPs with three distinct outcomes (rearrest, self-reported antisocial activity, and gainful activity), tested whether having an MHP contributed any unique explanatory power regarding these outcomes over and above criminogenic risk markers, and examined whether MHPs moderated the relationship between risk markers and outcomes.

A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children.

Several decades of research have focused on the impact of exposure to postnatal depression on children, while anxiety has been largely overlooked. Estimates of the prevalence of postnatal maternal anxiety (PMA) range from 3% to 43%, suggesting PMA may be an important risk factor for adverse outcomes in children. This review summarizes what is known about the effects of PMA exposure on children and makes recommendations for future research.

Psychosocial determinants of intention to screen for Alzheimer's disease.

Background: There is little information about how receptive older adults are to discuss memory problems with healthcare providers. Here we test the psychosocial factors explaining older adults' intention to undergo screening for Alzheimer disease (AD).

Methods: A population-based, random-digit dialing strategy surveyed 1,039 older adults.