Prior iodine exposure and impact on thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: A prospective study.

Aims: Iodine supplements are recommended for women planning pregnancy, but their impact on thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and into pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of iodine supplementation on thyroid function during COH.

Methods: One-hundred and six euthyroid women (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.

Thyroid disease: Long-term management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Background: Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are commonly encountered in clinical practice. General practitioners have a central role in the long-term management of these conditions.

Objective: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the causes of thyroid function disorders and guidance on management.

Intractable hypercalcaemia during pregnancy and the postpartum secondary to pathogenic variants in CYP24A1.

Summary: Parathyroid-independent hypercalcaemia of pregnancy, due to biallelic loss of function of the P450 enzyme CYP24A1, the principal inactivator of 1,25(OH)2D results in hypervitaminosis D, hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria. We report two cases of this disorder, with intractable hypercalcaemia, one occurring during gestation and into the postpartum, and the other in the postpartum period. Case 1, a 47-year-old woman with a twin pregnancy conceived by embryo transfer, presented with hypercalcaemia at 23 weeks gestation with subnormal serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and normal serum 25-OH D levels.

Optimal Assessment and Quantification of Iodine Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation: Laboratory and Clinical Methods, Controversies and Future Directions.

Iodine intake must be boosted during pregnancy to meet the demands for increased production and placental transfer of thyroid hormone essential for optimal foetal development. Failure to meet this challenge results in irreversible brain damage, manifested in severity from neurological cretinism to minor or subtle deficits of intelligence and behavioural disorders. Attention is now being focused on explaining observational studies of an association between insufficient iodine intake during pregnancy and mild degrees of intellectual impairment in the offspring and confirming a cause and effect relationship with impaired maternal thyroid function.

The impact of mandatory iodine fortification and supplementation on pregnant and lactating women in Australia.

Background And Objectives: In Australia, two public health measures were introduced between 2009 and 2010 to reduce iodine deficiency. However there has been a shortage of information regarding their effectiveness and the ongoing prevalence of iodine deficiency in Australia. The primary aim of this study was to assess the extent to which these public health measures have reduced rates of iodine deficiency among pregnant and lactating women.

Iodine status of Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults in the Top End, before and after mandatory fortification.

Objective: To assess the median urine iodine concentration (UIC) of young adults in the Top End of Northern Territory, before and after fortification of bread with iodised salt became mandatory.

Design, Setting: Analysis of cross-sectional data from two longitudinal studies, the Aboriginal Birth Cohort and the non-Indigenous Top End Cohort, pre- (Indigenous participants: 2006-2007; non-Indigenous participants: 2007-2009) and post-fortification (2013-15).

Participants: Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian young adults (mean age: pre-fortification, 17.

Beneficial Effects on Pregnancy Outcomes of Thyroid Hormone Replacement for Subclinical Hypothyroidism.

. Hypothyroidism and raised thyroid antibody levels have been associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes. Several studies have investigated causal associations, but results have been inconsistent and few studies have reported the effects of thyroxine replacement therapy on pregnancy outcomes in hypothyroid patients.

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.

Background: Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with adverse obstetrical events and neurodevelopmental disorders in infants. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy in Australia is not well documented, and universal screening remains questionable.

Aim: To assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and positive thyroid antibodies and review the indications for universal screening of thyroid function in pregnancy.

Salt intake and iodine status of women in Samoa.

The objective of this study was to determine iodine nutrition status and whether iodine status differs across salt intake levels among a sample of women aged 18-45 years living in Samoa. A cross-sectional survey was completed and 24-hr urine samples were collected and assessed for iodine (n=152) and salt excretion (n=119). The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among the women was 88 μg/L (Interquartile range (IQR)=54-121 μg/L).

Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt.

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney. Methods.

Goitre - causes, investigation and management.

Background: Goitre refers to an enlarged thyroid. Common causes of goitre include autoimmune disease, thyroid nodules and iodine deficiency.

Objective: This article outlines the causes, investigation and management of goitre in the Australian general practice setting.

Estimating the iodine supplementation level to recommend for pregnant and breastfeeding women in Australia.

Objective: To identify a level of iodine supplementation to recommend for pregnant and breastfeeding women in Australia.

Design, Setting And Participants: Dietary modelling indicated that mandatory fortification of bread with iodine by replacing salt with iodised salt would still leave a gap in iodine intakes in pregnant and breastfeeding women in Australia. Iodine shortfall was estimated by two separate methods: (i) analysis of data from published studies reporting mean urinary iodine concentrations in populations of Australian women who were pregnant or had given birth in the past 6 months; and (ii) modelling based on the postmandatory fortification iodine intake estimates calculated by Food Standards Australia New Zealand using food consumption reported by women aged 19-44 years who participated in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey.

Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

Objective: The aim was to update the guidelines for the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum published previously in 2007. A summary of changes between the 2007 and 2012 version is identified in the Supplemental Data (published on The Endocrine Society's Journals Online web site at http://jcem.endojournals.

The changing epidemiology of iodine deficiency.

Globally, about 2 thousand million people are affected by iodine deficiency. Although endemic goitre is the most visible sign of iodine deficiency, its most devastating consequence is brain damage causing mental retardation in children. The relationship between iodine deficiency and brain damage was not clearly established until the 1980s when the term iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), which encompass a spectrum of conditions caused by iodine deficiency, was introduced.

Screening for thyroid disease and iodine deficiency.

The high global prevalence of iodine deficiency and autoimmune thyroid disorders and the mental and physical consequences of these disorders creates a huge human and economic burden that can be prevented, in large part, by early detection and appropriate preventative or therapeutic measures. The availability of sophisticated, sensitive and accurate laboratory testing procedures provides an efficient and effective platform for the application of screening for these disorders. Measurement of urine iodine concentration (UIC) in school children or pregnant women is the recommended indicator for screening populations for iodine deficiency.

Current challenges in meeting global iodine requirements.

Iodine deficiency is a global problem of immense magnitude afflicting 2 billion of the world's population. The adverse effects of iodine deficiency in humans, collectively termed iodine deficiency disorders, result from decreased thyroid hormone production and action, and vary in severity from thyroid enlargement (goiter) to severe, irreversible brain damage, termed endemic cretinism. Thyroid hormone is essential throughout life, but it is critical for normal brain development in the fetus and throughout childhood.

Iodine status in Melbourne adults in the early 1990s and 2007-08.

Objective: To investigate the iodine status of Melbourne adults in 1992-94 and 2007-08, and to assess dietary iodine intake to enable comparison with recommended Nutrient Reference Values.

Method: A cross-sectional study utilising 24-hr urine samples collected at two time points in a random sample of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Two hundred and fifty seven adults (128 males, 129 females) in 1992-94, with a mean age of 56 years, and 265 adults (132 males, 133 females) in 2007-08, with a mean age of 68 years, were assessed, all being Melbourne residents.

Iodine status of Aboriginal teenagers in the Darwin region before mandatory iodine fortification of bread.

Objective: To determine the iodine status of participants in the Aboriginal Birth Cohort Study who resided in the Darwin Health Region (DHR) in the "Top End" of the Northern Territory prior to the introduction of mandatory iodine fortification of bread.

Design, Setting And Participants: Participants in our study had been recruited at birth and were followed up at a mean age of 17.8 years.

Iodine deficiency in Australia: is iodine supplementation for pregnant and lactating women warranted?

Recent research has confirmed that Australian children and pregnant women are mildly iodine deficient. A considerable proportion of the pregnant population is moderately to severely iodine deficient. Even subclinical hypothyroidism in the mother, occurring as a consequence of iodine deficiency, can cause irreversible brain damage in the fetus, making it essential to avoid iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

Neonatal TSH screening: is it a sensitive and reliable tool for monitoring iodine status in populations?

Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable brain damage in the newborn. The indicators for assessing iodine nutritional status include urinary iodine excretion, thyroid size, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations in the blood. Neonatal TSH concentration is increased when the supply of thyroid hormone and iodine from the maternal circulation to the foetus has been compromised.