A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-step oral hygiene product intervention to improve oral health in partial denture wearers.

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-step oral hygiene intervention among removal partial denture (RPD) wearers.

Methods: A 12-week, single-blind, randomised, 2-armed, parallel-group, controlled trial was conducted with 49 RPD-wearing participants with mild-moderate gingivitis. The intervention group received stannous fluoride toothpaste, sodium fluoride mouth rinse, and an antibacterial denture cleanser foam.

Prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity, erosive tooth wear, gingival recession and periodontal health in seven European countries.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and associated risk indicators for dentine hypersensitivity (DH), erosive tooth wear (ETW), gingival recession (GR), and gingival inflammation (bleeding on probing, BOP), with clinical and questionnaire data from seven European countries.

Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, seven-European country, epidemiological study in systemically healthy adults. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding oral hygiene, diet and lifestyle factors.

Efficacy of an occluding toothpaste on dentinal hypersensitivity over 14 days.

Objectives: To evaluate a 0.454% stannous fluoride/5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) toothpaste's ability to provide relief from dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) applied using 'focused brushing.'

Materials And Methods: In two randomised, examiner-blind, parallel-group studies, a SnF/STP toothpaste was applied by brushing two selected sensitive teeth before 1 min whole-mouth brushing, compared to 1 min whole-mouth brushing only, with a negative control toothpaste.

Efficacy of an Experimental Occlusion Technology Toothpaste in the Relief of Dentinal Hypersensitivity: An 8-week Randomised Controlled Trial.

Purpose: A novel anhydrous toothpaste formulation has been developed containing the anti-dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) ingredient stannous fluoride (SnF2).

Materials And Methods: This randomised, controlled, examiner-blind, parallel-group, stratified (by baseline Schiff sensitivity score) study compared efficacy of an experimental 'Test' toothpaste (n = 67) containing 0.454% SnF2, 0.

In situ efficacy of an experimental toothpaste on enamel rehardening and prevention of demineralisation: a randomised, controlled trial.

Background: A novel sodium fluoride toothpaste containing lactate ion and polyvinylmethylether-maleic anhydride has been developed to promote enamel remineralisation and resistance to demineralisation. In this in situ study, we compared this toothpaste ('Test') with a stannous fluoride-zinc citrate (SnF-Zn) toothpaste ('Reference') (both 1100-1150 ppm fluoride) and a fluoride-free toothpaste ('Placebo') using an enamel dental erosion-rehardening model.

Methods: In each phase of this randomised, investigator-blind, crossover study, participants wore palatal appliances holding bovine enamel specimens with erosive lesions.

In situ anticaries efficacy of dentifrices with different formulations - A pooled analysis of results from three randomized clinical trials.

Objectives: Data generated from three similar in situ caries crossover studies presented the opportunity to conduct a pooled analysis to investigate how dentifrice formulations with different fluoride salts and combinations at concentrations of 1400-1450 ppm F, different abrasive systems and in some cases, carbomer (Carb), affect enamel caries lesion remineralization and fluoridation.

Methods: Subjects continuously wore modified partial dentures holding two gauze-covered partially-demineralized human enamel specimens for 14 days and brushed 2×/day with their assigned dentifrice: Study 1: sodium fluoride (NaF)/Carb/silica, NaF/silica, NaF + monofluorophosphate (MFP)/chalk; Study 2: NaF/Carb/silica, NaF + MFP/dical, amine fluoride (AmF)/silica; Study 3: NaF/Carb/silica, NaF + stannous fluoride (SnF)/silica/hexametaphosphate (HMP). All studies included Placebo (0 ppm F) and/or dose-response controls (675 ppm F as NaF [675F-NaF]) ±Carb.

Assessment of tubule occlusion properties of an experimental stannous fluoride toothpaste: A randomised clinical in situ study.

Objectives: To evaluate the ability of a modified in situ model to differentiate dentinal tubule occlusion properties of toothpaste formulations over 10 days of treatment.

Methods: This was a single-centre, three-treatment period, crossover, randomised, single-blind study with healthy participants wearing two lower oral appliances, each retaining four dentine samples, for 10 treatment days during each period of the study. Samples were power-brushed ex vivo twice on each treatment day with a Test toothpaste containing 0.

Effect of phytate and zinc ions on fluoride toothpaste efficacy using an in situ caries model.

Objectives: To compare and explore the dose-response of phytate-containing 1150 ppm fluoride toothpastes on model caries lesions and to determine the impact of zinc ions.

Methods: This was a single-centre, randomised, blinded (examiner/laboratory analyst), six-treatment, four-period crossover, in situ study in adults with a removable bilateral maxillary partial denture. Study treatments were toothpastes containing: 0.

Effects of a sodium fluoride- and phytate-containing dentifrice on remineralisation of enamel erosive lesions-an in situ randomised clinical study.

Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate effects of a dentifrice containing sodium fluoride (1150 ppm F) and the organic polyphosphate phytate (0.85% w/w of the hexa-sodium salt) on in situ remineralisation of early enamel erosive lesions and resistance to subsequent demineralisation.

Materials And Methods: Subjects (n = 62) wore palatal appliances holding eight bovine enamel specimens with pre-formed erosive lesions.

A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the stain removal efficacy of a sodium phytate dentifrice formulation.

Objectives: Phytate is an organic, cyclic polyphosphate analogous to linear condensed polyphosphates used as stain removal agents. This study investigated stain removal efficacy of an experimental sodium phytate-containing dentifrice compared to a reference dentifrice.

Methods: An experimental, moderate abrasivity (relative dentine abrasivity [RDA] ∼130) antisensitivity fluoride dentifrice containing sodium phytate (0.

A Randomized in situ Clinical Study of Fluoride Dentifrices on Enamel Remineralization and Resistance to Demineralization: Effects of Zinc.

This study aimed to determine the effect of zinc ions and F concentration in a dentifrice on remineralization of early caries lesions in situ and on resistance to subsequent demineralization. This was a single-center, 6-period, 6-product, blinded (examiner, subject, analyst), randomized (n = 62), crossover study. Products (all NaF) were: 0, 250, 1,150 and 1,426 ppm F (dose-response controls), "Zn-A" (0.

A Randomized Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effect of Two Experimental Toothpastes on Tooth Enamel Gloss and Smoothness.

Objectives: The study compared the effects on examiner-assessed tooth gloss and smoothness of two experimental toothpastes (1% or 2% alumina abrasive) with a reference, silica-based toothpaste used twice daily for one, four, and eight weeks. The study also monitored the safety of the products.

Methods: This was a randomized, examiner-blind study, stratified by gloss score and age, three-treatment, parallel-group using healthy adult volunteers.

Effect of toothbrushing duration and dentifrice quantity on enamel remineralisation: An in situ randomized clinical trial.

Objectives: The influence of toothbrushing duration and dentifrice quantity on fluoride efficacy against dental caries is poorly understood. This study investigated effects of these two oral hygiene factors on enamel remineralisation (measured as surface microhardness recovery [SMHR]), enamel fluoride uptake (EFU), and net acid resistance (NAR) post-remineralisation in a randomized clinical study using an in situ caries model.

Methods: Subjects (n=63) wore their partial dentures holding partially demineralised human enamel specimens and brushed twice-daily for two weeks, following each of five regimens: brushing for 120 or 45s with 1.

Dose-response effect of fluoride dentifrice on remineralisation and further demineralisation of erosive lesions: A randomised in situ clinical study.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the ability of fluoride in a conventional, non-specialised sodium fluoride-silica dentifrice to promote tooth remineralisation and enamel fluoride uptake (EFU), and assess the resistance of the newly formed mineral to attack by dietary acid, across the concentration range used in mass-market dentifrices.

Methods: Subjects wore a palatal appliance containing eight polished bovine enamel specimens, each including an early erosive lesion. In a randomised full-crossover sequence, 62 healthy subjects were treated with dentifrices containing four different fluoride concentrations: no fluoride; 250ppm, 1150ppm and 1426ppm fluoride.

The effect of brushing time and dentifrice quantity on fluoride delivery in vivo and enamel surface microhardness in situ.

While the clinical anticaries efficacy of fluoride toothpaste is now without question, our understanding of the relation of fluoride efficacy to brushing time and dentifrice quantity is limited. The aim of this in situ study was to determine how differences in brushing time and dentifrice quantity influence (i) fluoride distribution immediately after brushing, (ii) clearance of fluoride in saliva, (iii) enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) and (iv) enamel strengthening, via the increase in surface microhardness. The study compared brushing times of 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 s with 1.

The effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo.

Purpose: Routine toothbrushing is the principal method by which individuals remove plaque and control plaque-related diseases, such as periodontitis and caries. Oral health care professionals generally recommend at least 2 minutes brushing with an appropriate technique, and yet the average brushing time in the general population is closer to 45 seconds. Our understanding of the relationship between brushing time and plaque removal, in an untutored general population using a conventional manual toothbrush and dentifrice, is limited.

The stain removal performance of a new anti-hypersensitivity dentifrice.

Objective: To investigate the stain removal potential in vitro of a new anti-hypersensitivity dentifrice. The dentifrice contains a low level of abrasive, the zwitterionic surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine, and potassium nitrate. It has been developed to be as gentle as possible to tooth surfaces and oral soft tissues, while effectively treating dentinal hypersensitivity.

Surface microhardness changes, enamel fluoride uptake, and fluoride availability from commercial toothpastes.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a new fluoride-containing dentifrice to protect surface-softened enamel against further erosive challenges in an in vitro cycling model, and to relate any effects to enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) and free fluoride.

Methodology: Human enamel specimens were subjected to a daily cycling regimen comprising: three two-minute treatments; five two-minute challenges using 1% citric acid pH 3.8; and remineralization in a mixture of human saliva and mucin-containing artificial saliva.

The use of immunoliposomes for specific delivery of antimicrobial agents to oral bacteria immobilized on polystyrene.

Antibacterial immunoliposomes have been prepared using covalently bound antibody, raised to the cell surface of the bacterium Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis), and incorporating the bactericides chlorhexidine and Triclosan. A regrowth assay, in which the ability of a bacterial biofilm immobilised on polystyrene to grow after exposure to a test solution, was undertaken to study the action of the antibacterial immunoliposomes.

The specificity and affinity of immunoliposome targeting to oral bacteria.

Immunoliposomes have been prepared using antibodies raised to an antigenic determinant on the cell surface of the oral bacterium Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis) in an investigation of their potential to reduce dental plaque. The N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) derivative of the antibodies were conjugated through the reactive m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (MBS) derivative of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) incorporated into liposomes.

Identification of a zinc-binding cystic fibrosis antigen in human saliva by 65Zn probing and N-terminal sequencing.

Human whole saliva was collected at 4 degrees C into a protein inhibitor cocktail to prevent proteolytic degradation. Saliva was clarified by centrifugation and fractionated by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) after charging the column with zinc ions. Proteins with an affinity for zinc were eluted from the IMAC column, characterized by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and probed with 65ZnCl2 after electrotransfer on to polyvinylidenefluoride membranes.

Reactive liposomes encapsulating a glucose oxidase-peroxidase system with antibacterial activity.

Liposomes were prepared from phospholipid mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), encapsulating the enzymes glucose oxidase (GO) and GO in combination with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) by both extrusion (VET) and reverse-phase evaporation (REV). The optimum level of PI in DPPC/PI liposomes for targeting to biofilms of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii has been established. The liposomes were characterised in terms of the content and activity of the encapsulated enzymes.

The targeting of phospholipid liposomes to bacteria.

Phospholipid liposomes have been prepared from phospholipid mixtures including dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylinositol (DPPC/PI) and DPPC/dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPC/DPPG) mixtures and targeted to adsorbed biofilms of the skin-associated bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus vulgaris and the oral bacterium Streptococcus sanguis. The effects of time, liposome concentration and density of bacteria in the biofilm have been studied in detail for Staphylococcus epidermidis. The targeting (as assessed by the apparent monolayer coverage of the biofilms by liposomes) to the biofilms was found to be sensitive to the mol% of PI and DPPG in the liposomes and optimum levels of PI were found for targeting to each bacterium.