Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine as a function of energy--protein deficiency in children with chronic renal failure.

The present study was conducted to determine whether malnutrition in patients with chronic renal failure requiring cyclosporine therapy for renal transplantation has some effect on the clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine. Eleven pediatric patients were enrolled in this study before renal transplantation and divided into two groups (group I: six well-nourished patients with a deficit in weight/height ratio < or = 7%; group II: five malnourished patients with a deficit in weight/height > 8%). The patients received a single oral dose of cyclosporine (3.

Patterns of muscle and fat mass repair during recovery from advanced infantile protein-energy malnutrition.

Objective: This paper shows the pattern of body composition within the frame three-compartment model repair during recovery from advanced infantile protein-energy malnutrition.

Design: Body composition was assessed in 26 severely malnourished male infants aged 1-7 months at the time of their admission at Instituto Nacional de Pediatria in Mexico City and through the initial process of nutritional recovery (NR), by means of radiological, anthropometrical procedures and 24-h creatinine excretion at fortnightly intervals. Throughout of NR period all children were fed with milk formula (13-14% protein, 40% carbohydrates and the remainder fat).

[Genetic influence on energy requirements. III. Multifactorial inheritance modified by gender].

A conversion index (CI) which measures the efficiency of utilization of dietary energy was found to be normally distributed in Wistar rats. The CI used was a ratio of the amount of food ingested to achieve an increment of one gram of body weight during the period of 32 days starting on day 21 after weaning. We have previously reported that male rats are more efficient energy converters than females.

Utilization of dietary energy in the rat. IV. Multifactorial inheritance modulated by gender.

In Wistar rats the conversion indexes (CIs) are normally distributed. A conversion index is the amount of food consumed necessary to increase the body weight by 1 g in a 32-day period, which begins at weaning (day 21) and ends on the 52nd day of life of the rat. Some experiments have been designed trying to demonstrate that inheritance of energy dietary utilization in Wistar rats may be multifactorial modulated by gender.

Nutritional state of beta-carotene and retinol in institutionalized elderly individuals of México City.

A study of the nutritional status of beta-carotene and retinol of 228 institutionalized elderly individuals, in four elderly homes of México City was carried out. Subjects varied between 61 and 101 years of age (151 were females and 77 were males). High pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantitate retinol and beta-carotene.

Purkinje cell density in cerebella of alcoholized and non-alcoholized male rat offspring.

The effect of alcohol intake by male rats was evaluated on Purkinje cell morphology and number in their offspring. Forty five male Wistar rats, 45 days old, were used and divided into three groups of 15 rats each: control group (CG), fed with conventional Purina rodent feed (CPRF) and water ad libitum; experimental group (EG), fed with CPRF ad libitum and a mixture of water/ethanol, which represented 36% of kilocalories in food; and an equienergetic intake control group (ECG), which was given CPRF (in grams) and sugar in their drinking water, in order to substitute the energetic value provided by alcohol. Five subgroups (n = 3) were created to be used for different treatment periods: 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days; all groups started treatment when they were 70 days old.

A new dosing regimen for metronidazole in malnourished children.

The use of metronidazole for the treatment of intestinal parasitosis has increased markedly, particularly in developing countries, where the association of malnutrition and parasitosis is very common. Since biotransformation of metronidazole is significantly affected by severe malnutrition, and undesirable effects of the drug seem to be related to its plasma concentration, it was decided to carry out a study to establish a dosing-regimen of metronidazole in severely malnourished children. A single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight, and computer simulation of a steady-state was studied in 10 malnourished and in 10 patients undergoing nutritional rehabilitation.

[Genetic influence on energy requirements. I. Development of an experimental model].

In attempting to explore the mechanisms of interaction of genetic and environmental factors that affect the quantitative requirements of energy by man, the convenience of an animal model was considered and searched for. The idea was to start with male and female Wistar rats and through inbreeding segregate the highly effective users of energy from the poor users. The efficiency of dietary energy utilization was measured by the index of conversion (IC) defined as the dietary intake necessary to increase 1 g of body weight in a 32-day period, from day 21st to day 52nd of extrauterine life.

Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in severely malnourished and nutritionally rehabilitated children.

A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of oral metronidazole, after a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight, was done in two groups of subjects: group I consisted of 10 severely malnourished children, aged 4 to 43 months; group II consisted of 10 children, aged 3 to 25 months, who were studied after nutritional rehabilitation. The biologic half-life of elimination was significantly longer (p less than 0.01) in severely malnourished children (median, 10.

Effects of chronic toluene inhalation on avoidance conditioned behavior in rats.

Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were distributed at random in a factorial design 2 x 2, with two age groups (20 and 90 days old), and two treatments (chronically exposed to toluene vapors 30,000-40,000 ppm in air/15 minutes per day for 30 days, and controls with only air). Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the rats were tested for conditioned behavior in a "T" maze of avoidance electric shock. Latency of initial response to escape (LIRE) and latency of escape (LE) were measured in seconds.

[Stimulation at home and psychological profile of mothers of children with or without weight loss during the first 15 days of life].

Objectives: To determine the possible difference of the microenvironment of a group of children who lost weight in their first 15 days of life.

Design: Longitudinal ecological study of growth and development of a total cohort of all children born during a calendar year.

Setting: Rural village of Central Mexico.

[Effects of stimulation available at home and of mother-child interaction on the presence and duration of diarrhea in young infants].

The relationship between two key factors involved in infant care and the frequency and duration of diarrhea, was search for in a cohort of rural infants followed-up from birth onwards. The specific questions asked were if the profile of mother-infant interaction, and the total score on home stimulation available to the infant were associated with the presence or absence of diarrhea, and with its total duration, expressed as the percentage of days with diarrhea over the number of days of age, in each semester of the first year of life of the infants. Frequency an duration of diarrhea, mother-infant interaction, and scores on home stimulation available to the infant showed no difference between baby-boys and baby-girls.