Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of A77 1726 and leflunomide in domestic cats.

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of A77 1726 and leflunomide after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.

A PBPK model for midazolam in four avian species.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for midazolam in the chicken and extended to three other species. Physiological parameters included organ weights obtained from 10 birds of each species and blood flows obtained from the literature. Partition coefficients for midazolam in tissues vs.

Florfenicol residues in Nile tilapia after 10-d oral dosing in feed: effect of fish size.

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were medicated with florfenicol (AQUAFLOR type A medicated article; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Summit, New Jersey) via a medicated ration at 15 mg florfenicol x kg fish body weight(-1) d(-1) for 10 d to compare the elimination kinetics of the test article in different size fish held at 25 degrees C. The groups of fish used in the study had mean weights of approximately 100, 250, and 500 g. In each trial, the fish were provided the medicated ration and 15 fish were processed at each of seven time points postfeeding for determination of the florfenicol concentration in serum and the florfenicol residue in the edible portion (composite muscle and skin).

Florfenicol residues in three species of fish after 10-day oral dosing in feed.

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, walleye Sander vitreus, and hybrid striped bass (female white bass Morone chrysops x male striped bass M. saxatilis) were medicated with florfenicol (AQUAFLOR type A medicated article; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Summit, New Jersey) via a medicated ration of 10 mg florfenicol x kg fish body weight(-1) d(-1) for 10 d to compare the elimination kinetics of the test article. This study was part of a larger effort in support of a species grouping concept that could contribute to the regulatory approval process for therapeutic compounds for cultured fishes.

Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of racemic carprofen in New Zealand white rabbits.

The enantioselective pharmacokinetics of single dose (2 mg/kg) racemic carprofen (CPF) were evaluated in adult New Zealand white rabbits after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.

Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus).

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate after IV and IM single-dose administration in red-tailed hawks (RTHs) and great horned owls (GHOs).

Animals: 6 adult RTHs and 6 adult GHOs.

Procedures: Each bird received an injection of butorphanol (0.

Sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim residues in three species of fish after oral dosing in feed.

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, and walleyes Sander vitreus were treated with Romet-30 (PHARMAQ AS, Oslo, Norway) via a medicated ration at 50 mg Romet-30 kg fish body weight(- 1) d(-1) for 10 d to compare the elimination kinetics of the test substance. This study was part of a larger effort to develop a species grouping concept for the labeling of therapeutic compounds for cultured fishes. The fish tests were conducted at the ideal water temperature for each species and at 5 degrees C lower than the ideal temperature except for summer flounder, which would not feed at the lower temperature of 15 degrees C.

Plasma pharmacokinetics of midazolam in chickens, turkeys, pheasants and bobwhite quail.

In vivo plasma pharmacokinetics of midazolam hydrochloride (5 mg/kg i.v.) were determined in commercially raised broiler chickens, turkeys, ring-necked pheasants and bobwhite quail.

Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [36Cl]chlorate in beef cattle.

The recently recognized potential of sodium chlorate as a possible preharvest food safety tool for pathogen reduction in meat animals has spurred interest in the pharmacokinetics of intraruminally dosed chlorate. Six Loala cattle were assigned (one heifer and one steer per treatment) to one of three intraruminal doses of radiolabeled sodium [36Cl]chlorate (21, 42, or 63 mg/kg body weight) administered in four equal aliquots over a 24-h period. Blood and serum were collected (29 samples in 48 h).

Pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod, a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist with prokinetic activity in horses.

Tegaserod, a serotonin agonist, has been shown to have prokinetic effects in horses, but pharmacokinetic information is not currently available. The pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod were evaluated. Tegaserod increased the contractile activity of smooth muscle preparations of the equine pelvic flexure.

Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of midazolam in hepatic microsomes from chickens, turkeys, pheasant and bobwhite quail.

In vitro putative cytochrome P450 3A mediated activity, and inhibition thereof, were measured in four avian species using midazolam (MDZ) as a substrate and ketoconazole as an inhibitor. All species produced 1-hydroxymidazolam (1-OH MDZ) to a much greater extent than 4-hydroxymidazolam (4-OH MDZ). Calculated Vmaxapparent values for formation of 1-OH MDZ were 117+/-17, 239+/-108, 437+/-168, and 201+/-55 pmol/mg protein*min and Kmapparent values were 2.

Extralabel use of penicillin in food animals.

Penicillin is one of the most commonly detected drug residues in tissues and milk, and is the antimicrobial for which information is most often sought through FARAD.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of respiratory tract pathogens from sheep and goats.

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of common respiratory tract pathogens from sheep and goats.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population: 41 respiratory tract isolates from sheep and 36 isolates from goats.

Investigation of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a pharmacokinetic model for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and Poicephalus parrots via comparison of the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous injection of oxytetracycline hydrochloride.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) would serve as a pharmacokinetic animal model for two small companion parrots: cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and Poicephalus parrots. Oxytetracycline (OTC) was the pharmacologic agent chosen for this study as it is eliminated primarily by renal glomerular filtration and undergoes minimal metabolism. A single intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg oxytetracycline hydrochloride was administered to the three study groups and blood samples were obtained at 5, 10, 15, and 30 min post-OTC injection as well as 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-OTC injection.

Development of a physiologic-based pharmacokinetic model for estimating sulfamethazine concentrations in swine and application to prediction of violative residues in edible tissues.

Objective: To develop a flow-limited, physiologic-based pharmacokinetic model for use in estimating concentrations of sulfamethazine after IV administration to swine.

Sample Population: 4 published studies provided physiologic values for organ weights, blood flows, clearance, and tissue-to-blood partition coefficients, and 3 published studies provided data on plasma and other tissue compartments for model validation.

Procedure: For the parent compound, the model included compartments for blood, adipose, muscle, liver, and kidney tissue with an extra compartment representing the remaining carcass.

Studies on itraconazole delivery and pharmacokinetics in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

Avian aspergillosis is commonly treated with itraconazole (ITZ). This paper describes two studies using mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The first study evaluated in vivo release of ITZ from subcutaneously injected controlled-release gel formulations and the second study compared pharmacokinetic parameters for two ITZ oral suspensions.

Multivariate meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of using multivariate cluster analysis to meta-analyze pharmacokinetic data obtained from studies of pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle and identify factors that could account for variability in pharmacokinetic parameters among studies.

Sample Population: Data from original studies of the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle in the database of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank.

Procedure: Mean plasma or serum ampicillin concentration versus time data and potential factors that may have affected the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate were obtained from each study.

Comparison of the use of regulatory assays and high-performance liquid chromatography for detection of residues of ceftiofur sodium metabolites in tissue specimens of culled dairy cattle.

Objective: To compare the results of regulatory screening and confirmation assays with those of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the detection of ceftiofur metabolites in the tissues of culled dairy cattle.

Animals: 17 lactating Holstein dairy cows.

Procedure: Daily IM injections of ceftiofur sodium were administered at a dose of 2.