Derivation of avian dermal LD50 values for dermal exposure models using in vitro percutaneous absorption of [C]-atrazine through rat, mallard, and northern bobwhite full thickness skin.

Understanding dermal exposure is important for higher-tier avian ecological risk assessments. However, dermal exposure and toxicity are often unknown for avifauna. The US EPA's Terrestrial Investigation Model (TIM) uses a method to estimate avian dermal LD50 values (and ultimately dermal exposure) that frequently results in unusually high dermal exposure and low dermal LD50 estimates.