Energy-resolved fast-neutron radiography using an event-mode neutron imaging detector.

Energy-resolved fast-neutron radiography is a powerful non-destructive technique that can be used to remotely measure the quantity and distribution of elements and isotopes in a sample. This is done by comparing the energy-dependent neutron transmission of a sample with the known cross-sections of individual isotopes. The reconstruction of the composition is possible due to the unique features (e.

A conserved transcription factor regulatory program promotes tendon fate.

Tendons, which transmit force from muscles to bones, are highly prone to injury. Understanding the mechanisms driving tendon fate would impact efforts to improve tendon healing, yet this knowledge is limited. To find direct regulators of tendon progenitor emergence, we performed a zebrafish high-throughput chemical screen.

Real-world impact of ivacaftor in people with cystic fibrosis and select ivacaftor-responsive mutations.

Background: Ivacaftor approval was extended to people with cystic fibrosis (CF) with ≥1 of 28 additional ivacaftor-responsive mutations in the USA in 2017 based on preclinical in vitro data. This retrospective, observational study assessed real-world clinical response to ivacaftor in people with CF with ≥1 of these mutations, using data from the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry.

Methods: Participants aged ≥2 years with ≥1 of 28 eligible mutations initiating ivacaftor between May 2017 and December 2018 were included.

Leveraging single cell multiomic analyses to identify factors that drive human chondrocyte cell fate.

Unlabelled: Cartilage plays a crucial role in skeletal development and function, and abnormal development contributes to genetic and age-related skeletal disease. To better understand how human cartilage develops , we jointly profiled the transcriptome and open chromatin regions in individual nuclei recovered from distal femurs at 2 fetal timepoints. We used these multiomic data to identify transcription factors expressed in distinct chondrocyte subtypes, link accessible regulatory elements with gene expression, and predict transcription factor-based regulatory networks that are important for growth plate or epiphyseal chondrocyte differentiation.

Neonatal neurobehavior associated with developmental changes from age 2 to 3 in very preterm infants.

Objective: Understand how high-risk infants' development changes over time. Examine whether NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) profiles are associated with decrements in developmental outcomes between ages 2 and 3 years in infants born very preterm.

Study Design: The Neonatal Outcomes for Very preterm Infants (NOVI) cohort is a multisite prospective study of 704 preterm infants born <30 weeks' gestation across nine university and VON affiliated NICUs.

Regenerative capacity of human pluripotent stem cell-derived articular chondrocytes in vitro.

The ideal cell source for articular cartilage repair remains elusive. Using developmentally inspired differentiation protocols, we induced human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) toward articular chondrocytes capable of joint cartilage repair in rodent models, which were distinct from growth plate chondrocytes, fated to be replaced by bone in vivo. Working toward clinical translation, we demonstrated controlled differentiation into chondrocytes by comprehensive gene expression analysis at each step of the differentiation.

Visual outcomes following orbital decompression for orbital infections.

Objective: To analyze the visual outcomes and sequelae of endonasal intervention for orbital infections.

Introduction: Orbital infections pose a serious threat to vision in the pediatric population and can result in complications such as blindness, diplopia, intracranial involvement, and death. [1] Orbital decompression by endonasal intervention is a common treatment to address a variety of orbital infections including orbital cellulitis, orbital abscesses, and subperiosteal abscesses.

Racial, ethnic and language disparities in healthcare utilization in pediatric patients following tonsillectomy.

Importance: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States. However, there is little known about the intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and language and how these factors influence post-tonsillectomy outcomes such as ED utilization and hospital readmission rates.

Objective: To examine disparities in emergency department (ED) utilization and hospital readmissions for post-tonsillectomy complications based on insurance status, patient race, ethnicity and language spoken.

Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into articular cartilage reveals effects caused by absence of , the gene responsible for progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood.

Objectives: Progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood (PPAC), caused by deficiency of (), has been challenging to study because no animal model of the disease exists and cartilage recovered from affected patients is indistinguishable from common end-stage osteoarthritis. Therefore, to gain insights into why precocious articular cartilage failure occurs in this disease, we made in vitro derived articular cartilage using isogenic -deficient and -sufficient human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).

Methods: We generated articular cartilage-like tissues from induced-(i) PSCs from two patients with PPAC and one wild-type human embryonic stem cell line in which we knocked out WISP3.

The Complex, Unique, and Powerful Imaging Instrument for Dynamics (CUPI2D) at the Spallation Neutron Source (invited).

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is planning to build the Second Target Station (STS) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). STS will host a suite of novel instruments that complement the First Target Station's beamline capabilities by offering an increased flux for cold neutrons and a broader wavelength bandwidth. A novel neutron imaging beamline, named the Complex, Unique, and Powerful Imaging Instrument for Dynamics (CUPI2D), is among the first eight instruments that will be commissioned at STS as part of the construction project.

Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into articular cartilage reveals effects caused by absence of , the gene responsible for Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthropathy of Childhood.

Objectives: Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthropathy of Childhood (PPAC), caused by deficiency of ( ), has been challenging to study because no animal model of the disease exists and cartilage recovered from affected patients is indistinguishable from common end-stage osteoarthritis. Therefore, to gain insights into why precocious articular cartilage failure occurs in this disease, we made derived articular cartilage using isogenic -deficient and -sufficient human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).

Methods: We generated articular cartilage-like tissues from induced-(i)PSCs from 2 patients with PPAC and 1 wild-type human embryonic stem cell line in which we knocked out WISP3.

Lineage-specific differences and regulatory networks governing human chondrocyte development.

To address large gaps in our understanding of the molecular regulation of articular and growth plate cartilage development in humans, we used our directed differentiation approach to generate these distinct cartilage tissues from human embryonic stem cells. The resulting transcriptomic profiles of hESC-derived articular and growth plate chondrocytes were similar to fetal epiphyseal and growth plate chondrocytes, with respect to genes both known and previously unknown to cartilage biology. With the goal to characterize the regulatory landscapes accompanying these respective transcriptomes, we mapped chromatin accessibility in hESC-derived chondrocyte lineages, and mouse embryonic chondrocytes, using ATAC-sequencing.

Effect of Hydrogen Exposure Temperature on Hydrogen Embrittlement in the Palladium-Copper Alloy System (Copper Content 5-25 wt.%).

The yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation/ductility properties of a series of palladium-copper alloys were characterized as a function of the temperature at which each alloy underwent absorption and desorption of hydrogen. The alloys studied ranged in copper content from 5 weight percent copper to 25 wt.% copper.

Specialized cells for building tissue bridges.

Fang and colleagues provide a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the cell types occupying the interface between tendon and bone, the enthesis. They establish a framework for understanding enthesis maturation and identify a potent Gli1-lineage progenitor with clonogenicity and multipotency that improves enthesis healing in an adult injury model.

Parental Conflict in the Context of Multiethnoracial Relationships.

The percent of families with parents from different racial or ethnic backgrounds has risen exponentially in the last decades. Approximately 14% of children were born into multiethnoracial (MER) families in the United States in 2015, more than double the rate from 1980. Studies show that MER couples are more likely to separate or divorce than their monoethnoracial (MoER) counterparts.

Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada.

Though qualitative methods are often an appropriate Indigenous methodology and have dominated the literature on Indigenous research methods, they are not the only methods available for health research. There is a need for decolonizing and Indigenizing quantitative research methods, particularly in the discipline of epidemiology, to better address the public health needs of Indigenous populations who continue to face health inequities because of colonial systems, as well as inaccurate and incomplete data collection about themselves. For the last two decades, researchers in colonized countries have been calling for a specifically Indigenous approach to epidemiology that recognizes the limits of Western epidemiological methods, incorporates more Indigenous research methodologies and community-based participatory research methods, builds capacity by training more Indigenous epidemiologists, and supports Indigenous self-determination.

Boron-Based Neutron Scintillator Screens for Neutron Imaging.

In digital neutron imaging, the neutron scintillator screen is a limiting factor of spatial resolution and neutron capture efficiency and must be improved to enhance the capabilities of digital neutron imaging systems. Commonly used neutron scintillators are based on LiF and gadolinium oxysulfide neutron converters. This work explores boron-based neutron scintillators because B has a neutron absorption cross-section four times greater than Li, less energetic daughter products than Gd and Li, and lower γ-ray sensitivity than Gd.

The Implications of Early Marital Conflict for Children's Development.

Although negative associations between the frequency and intensity of marital conflict and children's adjustment are well documented, less is known about how parents' conflict styles are related to children's developmental outcomes. The present study examines whether exposure to different types of parents' conflict styles, during a child's first year of life, is related to children's behavioral outcomes in the first grade. Parents' conflict resolution styles (CRSs) and child outcomes were examined in a sample of 150 working-class, first-time parents and their children.

Parents' Nonstandard Work and Children's Sleep: The Mediating Role of Bedtime Routines.

Objective: The present study examined if caregivers' long work hours or shift work are related to children's sleep duration through the disruption of bedtime routines.

Method: Work hours and schedules, bedtime routines and sleep (actigraph assessments) were examined in a sample of 250 caregivers and their preschool children.

Results: Results revealed that consistent bedtime routines mediated the relationship between caregiver's work and children's sleep, such that longer hours and shift work predicted fewer routines that, in turn, predicted less child sleep.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the red-jointed brackish-water fiddler crab Minuca minax (LeConte 1855) (Brachyura: Ocypodidae): New family gene order, and purifying selection and phylogenetic informativeness of protein coding genes.

Minuca minax is a semi-terrestrial crustacean that commonly lives in low salinity, riverine habitats along the shores of the eastern United States. This study reports, for the first time, the complete mitochondrial genome of M. minax.

Measuring Thickness-Dependent Relative Light Yield and Detection Efficiency of Scintillator Screens.

Digital camera-based neutron imaging systems consisting of a neutron scintillator screen optically coupled to a digital camera are the most common digital neutron imaging system used in the neutron imaging community and are available at any state-of-the-art imaging facility world-wide. Neutron scintillator screens are the integral component of these imaging system that directly interacts with the neutron beam and dictates the neutron capture efficiency and image quality limitations of the imaging system. This work describes a novel approach for testing neutron scintillators that provides a simple and efficient way to measure relative light yield and detection efficiency over a range of scintillator thicknesses using a single scintillator screen and only a few radiographs.

Solar and wind energy enhances drought resilience and groundwater sustainability.

Water scarcity brings tremendous challenges to achieving sustainable development of water resources, food, and energy security, as these sectors are often in competition, especially during drought. Overcoming these challenges requires balancing trade-offs between sectors and improving resilience to drought impacts. An under-appreciated factor in managing the water-food-energy (WFE) nexus is the increased value of solar and wind energy (SWE).

Effective repair of articular cartilage using human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue.

In an effort to develop an effective source of clinically relevant cells and tissues for cartilage repair a directed differentiation method was used to generate articular chondrocytes and cartilage tissues from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). It has previously been demonstrated that chondrocytes derived from hESCs retain a stable cartilage-forming phenotype following subcutaneous implantation in mice. In this report, the potential of hESC-derived articular-like cartilage to repair osteochondral defects created in the rat trochlea was evaluated.