Treatment of Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions to Prevent Anal Cancer.

Background: The incidence of anal cancer is substantially higher among persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in the general population. Similar to cervical cancer, anal cancer is preceded by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Treatment for cervical HSIL reduces progression to cervical cancer; however, data from prospective studies of treatment for anal HSIL to prevent anal cancer are lacking.

Metastatic Neoplasms to the Vulva-A Review.

Introduction: Metastatic neoplasms to the vulva are rare and can pose a diagnostic dilemma. As identification of the primary site can influence patient treatment and prognosis, correct diagnosis is important.

Methods: PubMed was searched for applicable publications using the terms vulva, vulvar neoplasms, metastasis, and vulvar metastasis.

Pitfalls of Frozen Section in Gynecological Pathology: A Case of Endometrial Tumor With Sex Cord-Like Elements.

Endometrial stromal tumor with sex cord-like elements (ESTSCLE) is a rare entity that shares similar histological features with uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCT). Differentiating the 2 entities involves ample sampling of the tissue to distinguish the percentage of sex cord components within the tissue, genetic studies, and immunohistochemical staining. Frozen section provides limited information for exclusion of either tumor; and the tumor is rare enough that the diagnosis may not be considered with the limited sampling; therefore, deferral of diagnosis to permanent sections may be appropriate.

Interferon beta-1b-induced postmenopausal bleeding in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

Objective: Postmenopausal bleeding must always be evaluated to rule out endometrial carcinoma, although there are many benign etiologies. There have been rare reports of premenopausal bleeding with interferon beta-1b, used to treat multiple sclerosis, but no prior reports in postmenopausal women.

Methods: Literature searches were performed using PubMed and Medline for articles with content related to premenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding while taking interferon beta-1b.

Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix - A rare neoplasm that raises the question of metastasis to the cervix.

Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is extremely rare. Signet ring cell carcinoma is more commonly primary in the stomach or breast, and the more likely metastatic disease to the cervix needs to be ruled out. We present a case of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the cervix and review the literature.

Drug-Based Lead Discovery: The Novel Ablative Antiretroviral Profile of Deferiprone in HIV-1-Infected Cells and in HIV-Infected Treatment-Naive Subjects of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Exploratory Trial.

Unlabelled: Antiretrovirals suppress HIV-1 production yet spare the sites of HIV-1 production, the HIV-1 DNA-harboring cells that evade immune detection and enable viral resistance on-drug and viral rebound off-drug. Therapeutic ablation of pathogenic cells markedly improves the outcome of many diseases. We extend this strategy to HIV-1 infection.

Pseudopapillary Granulosa Cell Tumor: A Case of This Rare Subtype.

Background The pseudopapillary pattern of granulosa cell tumor is rare. Case We describe the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with an initial diagnosis of papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma. Results Evaluation, including immunohistochemistry, led to the diagnosis of pseudopapillary granulosa cell tumor.

The relevance of molecular biomarkers in cervical cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.

Background: Radiotherapy (RT) plays an integral role in the combined-modality management of cervical cancer. Various molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the adaptive cellular response to RT. Identification of these molecular processes may permit the prediction of treatment outcome and enhanced radiation-induced cancer cell killing through tailoring of the management approach, and/or the employment of selective inhibitors of these pathways.

Phase 2 trial of paclitaxel, 13-cis retinoic acid, and interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of advanced stage or recurrent cervical cancer.

Objective: Overexpression of bcl-2 is a mechanism of drug resistance in cervical cancer. Agents that down-regulate bcl-2 may decrease tumor cell threshold and sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy. The objective of this multi-institutional phase 2 trial was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel and bcl-2 modulators (13-cis retinoic acid and interferon alfa-2b) in patients with advanced-stage or recurrent cervical cancer.

Peritoneal nodules after laparoscopic surgery with uterine morcellation: review of a rare complication.

The risk of occult malignancy being present at the time of uterine morcellation has been estimated to be about 1%. Dissemination of both benign and malignant disease may occur after morcellation, leading to a variety of peritoneal nodules. These lesions are reviewed.

Blocking eIF5A modification in cervical cancer cells alters the expression of cancer-related genes and suppresses cell proliferation.

Cancer etiology is influenced by alterations in protein synthesis that are not fully understood. In this study, we took a novel approach to investigate the role of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A in human cervical cancers, where it is widely overexpressed. eIF5A contains the distinctive amino acid hypusine, which is formed by a posttranslational modification event requiring deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), an enzyme that can be inhibited by the drugs ciclopirox and deferiprone.

Massive localized lymphedema of the vulva: report of a case and review of the literature.

Background: Massive localized lymphedema (MLL) is a recently described entity associated with obesity, most often on the thighs. It rarely occurs on the vulva, and it may pose diagnostic difficulty for both clinician and pathologist in this setting.

Case: An obese 55-year-old woman underwent excision of bilateral polypoid vulvar masses.

Drug-induced reactivation of apoptosis abrogates HIV-1 infection.

HIV-1 blocks apoptosis, programmed cell death, an innate defense of cells against viral invasion. However, apoptosis can be selectively reactivated in HIV-infected cells by chemical agents that interfere with HIV-1 gene expression. We studied two globally used medicines, the topical antifungal ciclopirox and the iron chelator deferiprone, for their effect on apoptosis in HIV-infected H9 cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with clinical HIV-1 isolates.

Diffuse peritoneal chlamydial infection presenting as possible ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis in an adolescent female.

A 17-year-old girl presented with significant abdominal ascites associated with periumbilical pain. On examination, her abdomen was found to be soft and moderately distended with left lower quadrant tenderness. Abdominal computed tomographic scan demonstrated not only ascites but also diffuse peritoneal enhancement, a left-sided enhancing adnexal mass displacing the uterus to the right, as well as omental caking.

Is the diagnosis of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance associated with greater risk at an inner city hospital?

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the high-risk patients at an inner city hospital with atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGC) on their Pap smears have a higher rate of underlying significant pathology than that reported in published data.

Study Design: This was an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective review of all AGC Pap smears performed at University Hospital, Newark, New Jersey, between January 1, 2001, and July 30, 2008. We defined significant pathology as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN 2) or greater, endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ or greater, or simple hyperplasia or greater of the endometrium.

Malignant female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin: a case report.

Background: Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) is a rare tumor arising in locations with Wolffian remnants, such as the broad ligament. It is thought to be a benign lesion, although this is not always the case, with scattered case reports of more aggressive behavior, sometimes years later.

Case: A rare case of disseminated malignant FATWO is presented and the literature reviewed.

Body mass index of patients with endometrial hyperplasia: comparison to patients with proliferative endometrium and abnormal bleeding.

Objective: Endometrial hyperplasia is a known risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer, particularly atypical hyperplasia, with a subsequent risk of up to 30%. Of the known risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia, obesity is the most preventable, but there is a paucity of data addressing the association. We tested the hypothesis that patients with endometrial hyperplasia have a higher body mass index (BMI) than patients with abnormal bleeding who are found to have proliferative endometrium.

Paraneoplastic SIADH and Dermatomyositis in Cervical Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review.

We present the first known case of a patient with cervical squamous cell carcinoma complicated by paraneoplastic syndromes of both dermatomyositis and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The patient in this case presented with generalized body pain and vaginal bleeding. Her cervical cancer was diagnosed as stage IIB by physical exam, imaging, and cervical biopsy, her dermatomyositis was confirmed by muscle and skin biopsy, and her SIADH was diagnosed based on laboratory findings.

Cervical cancer in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (VL) and CD4 counts in patients infected with HIV with and without cervical cancer. The authors hypothesized that HIV-positive women with cervical cancer would have a greater risk of immune suppression.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted that included all HIV-positive patients who were seen at the authors' institution from January 1, 1995 to April 20, 2006 with invasive cervical cancer (cases) and without invasive cervical cancer (controls).

Adenomyoma of the cervix: report of a case and review of the literature.

Adenomyoma of the cervix is a rare benign neoplasm, one of a group of benign endocervical lesions that may histologically be confused with an aggressive cervical carcinoma, adenoma malignum. We recently encountered a case that distorted the cervix and pushed it under the pubic symphysis. We present this case, review the literature of this rare lesion, and discuss the differential diagnosis of this group of endocervical lesions.

Demonstration of her-2 protein in cervical carcinomas.

OBJECTIVE.: Recently, an immunohistochemical test for her-2-neu has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for evaluation of breast cancer patients who might benefit from treatment with Herceptin (HercepTest). This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunohistochemical staining patterns in cervical cancer and correlate with clinical parameters.

Anaplastic carcinoma arising in an ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in a 17-year-old female.

Background: Anaplastic carcinoma arising within a mucinous ovarian neoplasm is rare, with only about 30 reported cases. Reported cases have given a broad age range, ranging from 17 to 72 years of age, but occurrence in adolescents is exceptional, with only a few cases reported.

Case: We report a case of anaplastic carcinoma arising in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in a 17-year-old female who presented with severe abdominal pain, an unusual symptom for an ovarian malignancy in the postmenopausal patient, but not in the adolescent.