Food fraud prevention strategies: Building an effective verification ecosystem.

Food fraud is an ever-present threat that regulators, food business operators (FBOs), and consumers need to be aware of, prevent where possible, and address by developing mitigation strategies to detect and reduce its negative consequences. While extant literature focuses on food fraud detection, there is less attention given to prevention strategies, a knowledge gap this review seeks to address. The aim of this review was to consider food-related fraud prevention initiatives, understand what has worked well, and develop a series of recommendations on preventing food fraud, both policy related and for future research.

Diazoxide choline extended-release tablet in people with Prader-Willi syndrome: results from long-term open-label study.

Objective: This study assessed the effect of 1-year administration of diazoxide choline extended-release tablet (DCCR) on hyperphagia and other complications of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS).

Methods: The authors studied 125 participants with PWS, age ≥ 4 years, who were enrolled in the DESTINY PWS Phase 3 study and who received DCCR for up to 52 weeks in DESTINY PWS and/or its open-label extension. The primary efficacy endpoint was Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ-CT) score.

Preparing students to address the social determinants of health in integrated care settings.

Background: Health professionals are increasingly being called to address the social determinants of health (SDOH) and, to do so effectively, often requires an integrated approach to care. As a result, accreditation standards across multiple professions have emphasised the importance of interprofessional education (IPE).

Approach: This paper describes large-scale, community-engaged learning that is required annually of students from nursing, pharmacy, public health, and social work.

Novel externalities.

Novel externalities are social activities for which the emerging cost (or benefit) of the spillover is unknown and must be discovered. Negative novel externalities have regained international salience following the COVID-19 pandemic. Such cases frequently are invoked as evidence of the limits of liberal political economy for dealing with public emergencies.

Chromosomal Microarray Study in Prader-Willi Syndrome.

A high-resolution chromosome microarray analysis was performed on 154 consecutive individuals enrolled in the DESTINY PWS clinical trial for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Of these 154 PWS individuals, 87 (56.5%) showed the typical 15q11-q13 deletion subtypes, 62 (40.

Diazoxide Choline Extended-Release Tablet in People With Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Context: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurobehavioral-metabolic disease caused by the lack of paternally expressed genes in the chromosome 15q11-q13 region, characterized by hypotonia, neurocognitive problems, behavioral difficulties, endocrinopathies, and hyperphagia resulting in severe obesity if not controlled.

Objective: The primary end point was change from baseline in hyperphagia using the Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ-CT). Other end points included Global Impression Scores, and changes in body composition, behaviors, and hormones.

Prader-Willi syndrome, deletion subtypes, and magnesium: Potential impact on clinical findings.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex neurodevelopmental genetic imprinting disorder with severe congenital hypotonia, failure to thrive with learning and behavioral problems, and hyperphagia with obesity developing in early childhood. Those with the typical 15q11-q13 Type I deletion compared with the smaller Type II deletion have more severe neurobehavioral problems and differ by the absence of four genes in the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region.

The Potential Role of Activating the ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel in the Treatment of Hyperphagic Obesity.

To evaluate the potential role of ATP-sensitive potassium (K) channel activation in the treatment of hyperphagic obesity, a PubMed search was conducted focused on the expression of genes encoding the K channel, the response to activating the K channel in tissues regulating appetite and the establishment and maintenance of obesity, the evaluation of K activators in obese hyperphagic animal models, and clinical studies on syndromic obesity. K channel activation is mechanistically involved in the regulation of appetite in the arcuate nucleus; the regulation of hyperinsulinemia, glycemic control, appetite and satiety in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; insulin secretion by β-cells; and the synthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids in adipocytes. K channel activators have been evaluated in hyperphagic obese animal models and were shown to reduce hyperphagia, induce fat loss and weight loss in older animals, reduce the accumulation of excess body fat in growing animals, reduce circulating and hepatic lipids, and improve glycemic control.

A randomized pilot efficacy and safety trial of diazoxide choline controlled-release in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Introduction: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic condition characterized by hyperphagia, hypotonia, low muscle mass, excess body fat, developmental delays, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and growth hormone deficiency. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of orally administered Diazoxide Choline Controlled-Release Tablets (DCCR) in subjects with PWS.

Method: This was a single-center, Phase II study and included a 10-week Open-Label Treatment Period during which subjects were dose escalated, followed by a 4-week Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Treatment Period.

Leadership Opportunities for Nurses in Telehealth: A King Perspective.

Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) are in an excellent position to provide leadership for advancing telehealth initiative. King's social system concepts of role, status, authority, power, and decision-making may be explored in this context. The authors of this article provide insight into the leadership opportunities in telehealth that exist for APRNs in current healthcare systems through a King perspective.

Ribozymes targeted to stearoyl-ACP delta9 desaturase mRNA produce heritable increases of stearic acid in transgenic maize leaves.

Ribozymes are RNAs that can be designed to catalyze the specific cleavage or ligation of target RNAs. We have explored the possibility of using ribozymes in maize to downregulate the expression of the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (Delta9) desaturase gene. Based on site accessibility and catalytic activity, several ribozyme constructs were designed and transformed into regenerable maize lines.

Down-regulation of thyroxine-binding globulin messenger ribonucleic acid by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in human hepatoblastoma cells.

A sensitive [125I]-T4 binding assay was used to measure serum T4-binding globulin (TBG) in 60 individuals selected on the basis of their total circulating T3 concentrations, and a relationship between TBG and circulating thyroid hormone levels in humans was confirmed. There was a significant correlation between serum TBG and T3 or free T4 index. TBG secretion and TBG messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production were studied with a continuous culture of the human hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2.

Stimulation of sex hormone-binding globulin mRNA and attenuation of corticosteroid-binding globulin mRNA by triiodothyronine in human hepatoma cells.

We examined the time course and dose response of the triiodothyronine (T3) effect on mRNAs for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in cells of the human hepatoma line HepG2. After 7 h of exposure to a saturating dose of T3, SHBG mRNA was unchanged but increased to 1.5 +/- 0.

Mapping genes conditioning in vitro androgenesis in maize using RFLP analysis.

This research was designed to map the genes in maize which condition a high response to anther culture using RFLP analysis. A set of 98 S1 families were developed from the cross of B73 × 139/39-05. In vitro-cultured anthers of 139/39-05 produce numerous embryolike structures while anthers cultured from B73 produce none.

Congenital anomalies of the upper extremity.

This article has reviewed some of the current methods of management of congenital problems in the upper extremity. Not all problems have been included in this review but some of the landmark advances in this field have been considered. The management of congenital anomalies may change significantly in the future.

Testcross selection theory.

The purpose of this paper is to extend the theoretical basis for testcross selection theory from models assuming two alleles per locus to a model which is general for number and frequency of alleles. The expectations of genetic variances expressed among and within testcross families is presented for both inbred and population testers. Predicted change due to selection in testcross, non-inbred and selfed population performance with testcross selection are derived.

Selection theory for selfed progenies.

The purpose of this article was to extend the model used to predict selection response with selfed progeny from 2 alleles per locus to a model which is general for number and frequency of alleles at loci. To accomplish this, 4 areas had to be dealt with: 1) simplification of the derivation and calculation of the condensed coefficients of identity; 2) presentation of the genetic variances expressed among and within selfed progenies as linear function of 5 population parameters; 3) presentation of selection response equations for selfed progenies as functions of these 5 population parameters; and 4) to identify a set of progeny to evaluate, such that one might be able to estimate these 5 population parameters.The five population parameters used in predicting gains were the additive genetic variance, the dominance variance, the covariance of additive and homozygous dominance deviations, the variance of the homozygous dominance deviations and a squared inbreeding depression term.

Characterisation of the host response to Plasmodium falciparum infection. I. Cerebral malaria.

Cerebral malaria is a major form of complicated malaria consequent upon cerebral damage associated with endothelial cell necrosis. We have used assays of Plasmodium falciparum growth inhibition in vitro to study serum inhibitory factors in patients with cerebral malaria. Serum from children with cerebral malaria inhibited parasite growth in a non-synchronised 72-hour assay to a greater extent than did sera from immune adults or asymptomatic children (p less than 0.

Characterisation of the host response to Plasmodium falciparum infection in acute non-complicated malaria.

In this study we have examined serum from patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, collected at the time of acute attack and 14 days later. We have also examined sequential samples of sera taken from children living in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, an area endemic for malaria. The total amount of antibody directed against P.

Analysis of patterns of growth inhibition of P. falciparum in synchronised cultures induced by serum from children and adults from Madang, Papua New Guinea.

In this study we have modified a micro Plasmodium falciparum in vitro growth inhibition assay to allow dissection of growth inhibition induced by test sera into two categories: inhibition of intracellular schizont growth and inhibition of uptake of merozoites into a second cohort of erythrocytes. This was achieved using morphology-controlled synchronised cultures with incubation times restricted to cover either ring to schizont development or schizont to ring development. Sera tested were obtained from a large prospective study of healthy residents of Madang, Papua New Guinea, who were carefully documented with respect to presence of malarial parasites in the blood, spleen size, age, sex and history of fever.

The development and ultrastructure of Plasmodium falciparum damaged in vitro by human "crisis" sera and by chloroquine.

P. falciparum malaria was cultured in vitro in the presence of sera from patients with cerebral malaria, meningitis and also after chloroquine administration. Intra-erythrocytic parasite damage was seen by light and electron microscopy.

Serotypic variation of culture-adapted isolates of P. falciparum.

Culture adapted isolates of P. falciparum had different growth patterns (P less than 0.01) when cultured in the presence of sera obtained from 31 healthy Papua New Guinea residents.