"I lied a little bit." A qualitative study exploring the perspectives of elite Australian athletes on self-reported data.

Objectives: Explore the perceptions and experiences of elite Australian athletes' engagement with reporting data in surveillance systems.

Design: Qualitative Descriptive.

Setting: Semi-structured interviews conducted using Zoom.

Ultrasound pressure distributions generated by high frequency transducers in large reactors.

The performance of an ultrasound reactor chamber relies on the sound pressure level achieved throughout the system. The active volume of a high frequency ultrasound chamber can be determined by the sound pressure penetration and distribution provided by the transducers. This work evaluated the sound pressure levels and uniformity achieved in water by selected commercial scale high frequency plate transducers without and with reflector plates.

Characterisation of G8 human rotaviruses in Australian children with gastroenteritis.

This study describes the characterisation of G8 rotavirus strains isolated from humans with acute gastroenteritis. Six G8 strains were detected in Australia between 2002 and 2008. Four were G8P[14] strains, one was G8P[8]+[14] and one was G8 P non-typeable.

Detection and analysis of bovine rotavirus strains circulating in Australian calves during 2004 and 2005.

Bovine rotavirus (BRV) has been detected in both dairy and beef cattle herds worldwide. Stool samples collected from calves in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia were screened to determine the presence of BRV. A total of 100 faecal samples were collected from calves with and without diarrhoea across three farms during 2004 and 2005.

Comparison of the effects of acylation and amidation on the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of lactoferrin.

Aims: To compare amidation and acylation of lactoferrin (LF) from bovine milk, as a means of enhancing its antimicrobial and antiviral properties.

Methods And Results: LF was chemically modified by amidation with a 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl] carbodiimide (EDC) in the presence of ammonium ions or by acylation with either succinic or acetic anhydride. In the test systems used, amidation substantially enhanced the activity of LF against Pseudomonas fluorescens in comparison with native LF.

Care with dignity: a concept analysis.

The attribute of dignity depends on the perspective of the individual and can be affected by interactions with others. Dignity involves the day-to-day choices by which individuals create who they will become and how they will be perceived in the context of human culture. Dignified care requires a caregiver-patient relationship that values autonomy, individual diversity, truth, justice, rights, and responsibilities.

The effect of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin B on the ability of feline calicivirus (a norovirus surrogate) and poliovirus to infect cell cultures.

Aims: To characterize the effect of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin B against feline calicivirus (FCV), a norovirus surrogate and poliovirus (PV), as models for enteric viruses.

Methods And Results: Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells were used for the propagation of FCV and monkey embryo kidney (MEK) cells for PV. The assays included visual assessment of cell lines for cytopathic effects and determination of the percentage cell death using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium] dye reduction assay.

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in salmon using the Probelia polymerase chain reaction system.

A validation was conducted on the performance of a commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit (Probelia) in comparison with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method 11290-1 (adopted as an Australian New Zealand Standard Method, AS/NZS 1766.2.16.

Assessment of control measures to achieve a food safety objective of less than 100 CFU of Listeria monocytogenes per gram at the point of consumption for fresh precut iceberg lettuce.

The important new concept of the food safety objective (FSO) offers a strategy to translate public health risk into a definable goal such as a specified maximum frequency or concentration of a hazardous agent in a food at the time of consumption that is deemed to provide an appropriate level of health protection. For the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, there is a proposed FSO of < 100 CFU/g in ready-to-eat (RTE) products at the time of consumption. Fresh precut iceberg lettuce is one of these RTE products.

Probeliatrade mark PCR system for rapid detection of Salmonella in milk powder and ricotta cheese.

The Probeliatrade mark Salmonella sp. PCR amplification and detection kits (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes La Coquette, France) were evaluated for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella agona artificially inoculated into skim milk powder and ricotta cheese. The Probeliatrade mark results were compared with those obtained using the Australian Standard Method.

Bacterial colonization and biofilm development on minimally processed vegetables.

Bacterial biofilms have been observed and reported on food and food-processing surfaces and can contribute to increased risks for product quality and food safety. The colonization of fruit and vegetables by pectynolitic bacteria like Pseudonomas fluorescens attributable to conditions such as soft rot, can also manifest as biofilms. A developed biofilm structure can provide a protective environment for pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes reducing the effectiveness of sanitisers and other inhibitory agents.

The comparative effects of nitrogen and oxygen on the microflora of beef steaks in carbon dioxide-containing modified atmosphere vacuum skin-packaging (MA-VSP) systems.

The effects of 80% oxygen-20% carbon dioxide (O2-CO2) and 80% nitrogen-20% carbon dioxide (N2-CO2) atmospheres were compared with respect to the microbial and sensory characteristics of vacuum skin-packaged grain-fed beef steaks stored at -1 and 4 degrees C. In both N2-CO2 and O2-CO2 atmospheres, lactobacilli were predominant over Brochothrix, pseudomonads, enterobacteria and yeasts and moulds. The results of the current investigation showed that the O2-CO2 atmospheres did not yield total viable counts in excess of 10(5) cfu cm-2 on beef steaks after 4 weeks of storage.

The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Basil essential oils, including basil sweet linalool (BSL) and basil methyl chavicol (BMC), were screened for antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds using an agar well diffusion method. Both essential oils showed antimicrobial activity against most of the micro-organisms examined except Clostridium sporogenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, and three species of Pseudomonas. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BMC against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens in TSYE broth (as determined using an indirect impedance method) was 0.

Detection of bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria isolated from foods and comparison with pediocin and nisin.

A total of 663,533 colonies from 72 dairy and meat sources showed a detection rate of 0.2% for bacteriocin producers using direct plating techniques. A further 83,000 colonies from 40 fish and vegetable sources showed a detection rate of 3.

Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by piscicolin 126 in milk and Camembert cheese manufactured with a thermophilic starter.

The effect of bacteriocin, piscicolin 126, on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and cheese starter bacteria was investigated in milk and in Camembert cheese manufactured from milk challenged with 10(2) cfu ml(-1) L. monocytogenes. In milk incubated at 30 degrees C, piscicolin 126 added in the range of 512-2,048 AU ml(-1) effectively inhibited growth of L.

Incorporation of nisin in micro-particles of calcium alginate.

Nisin was successfully incorporated into a matrix of calcium alginate and ground into micro-particles smaller than 150 microns. Formation of micro-particles and incorporation of nisin was verified by scanning electron microscopy and by the reduction in the inactivation of nisin activity with proteolytic enzymes. Incorporation efficiency was 87-93% and the nisin in the alginate-incorporated form was 100% active against an indicator culture of Lactobacillus curvatus both in MRS broth and reconstituted skim milk.

Adsorption of bacteriocins by ingestible silica compounds.

Bacteriocins including nisin, pediocin PO2, brevicin 286 and piscicolin 126 were adsorbed from culture supernates by various food-grade porous silica anti-caking agents and the food colourant, titanium dioxide. All the porous silica (calcium silicate or silicon dioxide) materials showed substantial capacity in adsorbing bacteriocin activities from the culture supernate and biological activity was recovered in the adsorbents. In contrast, the food colourant titanium dioxide adsorbed most of the bacteriocin activity from the supernate, with minimal biological activity retained in the adsorbent.

Characterization of the chemical and antimicrobial properties of piscicolin 126, a bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium piscicola JG126.

A novel peptide bacteriocin produced by the lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium piscicola JG126 isolated from spoiled ham was purified and characterized. This bacteriocin, designated piscicolin 126, inhibited the growth of several gram-positive bacteria, especially the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, but had no effect on the growth of a number of yeasts and gram-negative bacteria. Bactericidal activity was not destroyed by exposure to elevated temperatures at low pH values; however, bactericidal activity was lost at high pH values, especially when high pH values were combined with an elevated temperature.

A food-grade process for isolation and partial purification of bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria that uses diatomite calcium silicate.

Bacteriocins, including nisin, pediocin PO2, brevicin 286, and piscicolin 126, were extracted from fermentation media by adsorption onto Micro-Cel (a food-grade diatomite calcium silicate anticaking agent) and subsequent desorption. The optimal conditions for desorption of piscicolin 126 were determined and applied to other bacteriocins, and the relative purities of the desorbed preparations were compared. Piscicolin was not successfully desorbed from Micro-Cel at pH 1.

Production of brevicin 286 by Lactobacillus brevis VB286 and partial characterization.

Brevicin 286 was produced by Lactobacillus brevis VB286 isolated from vacuum-packaged meat and was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and dialysis. The bacteriocin was susceptible to proteolytic enzymes, stable to heating at 100 degrees C particularly under acidic against Listeria sp. Production of brevicin 286 was optimal during exponential growth at 20 degrees C.

Partial characterisation of pediocin PO2 and comparison with nisin for biopreservation of meat products.

A plasmid associated bacteriocin (pediocin PO2) was isolated by ammonium sulphate precipitation from cell-free growth media and subsequent studies showed that the partially purified pediocin PO2 was most likely identical (molecular mass approximately 3200 daltons in size by SDS-PAGE, stable to low pH and heat at 121 degrees C for 15 min, inactivated by various proteolytic enzymes and resistant to treatment with a range of solvents, except 10% formaldehyde) to other pediocins (PA-1 and AcH) previously reported. The antagonistic spectrum of activity of pediocin PO2 was compared with nisin and showed a narrower host-range, but a much greater activity against Listeria species including strains of Listeria monocytogences, than did nisin. A rapid method of reflectance colorimetry was used to quantitate growth and acid production (as determined by the colour change in bromcresol purple) of Lactobacillus curvatus, added to a meat product model system.

Charnley low-friction arthroplasty of the hip. Twenty-year results with cement.

The first 333 Charnley (Thackray, United Kingdom) total hip arthroplasties performed at the Mayo Clinic between 1969 and 1970 have been followed since that time. One hundred twelve patients (112 hips) remain alive at 20 years. Clinical results remain excellent.