Hand-Selective Visual Regions Represent How to Grasp 3D Tools: Brain Decoding during Real Actions.

Most neuroimaging experiments that investigate how tools and their actions are represented in the brain use visual paradigms where tools or hands are displayed as 2D images and no real movements are performed. These studies discovered selective visual responses in occipitotemporal and parietal cortices for viewing pictures of hands or tools, which are assumed to reflect action processing, but this has rarely been directly investigated. Here, we examined the responses of independently visually defined category-selective brain areas when participants grasped 3D tools ( = 20; 9 females).

Voice quality types and uses in North American English.

Voice quality has been defined variously in the literature ranging from states or postures of the glottis and vocal tract in general most broadly, to a narrower definition which refers to characteristics of vocal fold vibration during . Linguists have traditionally broken the continuum into five basic categories based on roles they play in a language's phonology: , , . Of these, the three central states, , , are relevant to voice quality as discussed in this work.