Assessment and medical management of weight regain after adolescent metabolic and bariatric surgery: a narrative review.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) in adolescents results in durable treatment of severe obesity and related complications for most. However, substantial weight regain can undermine long-term health benefits. There is no evidence-based standard of care for the medical management of weight regain after MBS in pediatrics or adults.

Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Adolescents with Obesity.

Purpose Of Review: Hypertension (HTN) and obesity are increasing in prevalence and severity in adolescents and have significant implications for long term morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on the diagnosis and management of HTN in adolescents with obesity with an emphasis on co-management of the two conditions.

Recent Findings: Recent studies affirm the increasing prevalence of abnormal blood pressures and diagnoses of HTN associated with increased adiposity.

Weight Gain Patterns in Adolescent and Young Adult Women With the Etonogestrel Implant: Comparison by Weight Category.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if initiation and use of the etonogestrel implant was associated with differential weight gain in patients who were overweight or obese compared with normal-weight patients.

Methods: This is a cohort study of 1,024 patients between ages of 13 and 25 years seen in a Title X clinic who received the etonogestrel implant from 2007 to 2019 and had weight measurements at implant insertion and 6-18 months before (preinsertion) and after insertion (postinsertion).

Results: Patients, regardless of weight category (normal weight, overweight, and obese), increased weight in kilograms (kg) from preinsertion to insertion (1.

Apoptosis of Oligodendrocytes during Early Development Delays Myelination and Impairs Subsequent Responses to Demyelination.

Unlabelled: During mammalian development, myelin-forming oligodendrocytes are generated and axons ensheathed according to a tightly regulated sequence of events. Excess premyelinating oligodendrocytes are eliminated by apoptosis and the timing of the onset of myelination in any specific CNS region is highly reproducible. Although the developing CNS recovers more effectively than the adult CNS from similar insults, it is unknown whether early loss of oligodendrocyte lineage cells leads to long-term functional deficits.

Cortical remyelination: a new target for repair therapies in multiple sclerosis.

Objective: Generation and differentiation of new oligodendrocytes in demyelinated white matter is the best described repair process in the adult human brain. However, remyelinating capacity falters with age in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Because demyelination of cerebral cortex is extensive in brains from MS patients, we investigated the capacity of cortical lesions to remyelinate and directly compared the extent of remyelination in lesions that involve cerebral cortex and adjacent subcortical white matter.

Iron in chronic brain disorders: imaging and neurotherapeutic implications.

Iron is important for brain oxygen transport, electron transfer, neurotransmitter synthesis, and myelin production. Though iron deposition has been observed in the brain with normal aging, increased iron has also been shown in many chronic neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In vitro studies have demonstrated that excessive iron can lead to free radical production, which can promote neurotoxicity.

T1- and T2-based MRI measures of diffuse gray matter and white matter damage in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful noninvasive tool to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, investigators have used MRI metrics as supportive outcome measures to explore drug efficacy in clinical trials. Conventional MRI surrogates provide information at the macroscopic level but lack sensitivity and specificity in identifying the full extent of underlying MS pathology.