Factors and Labor Cost Savings Associated with Successful Pediatric Imaging without Anesthesia: a Single-Institution Study.

Rationale And Objectives: In pediatric imaging, sedation is often necessary to obtain diagnostic quality imaging. We aim to quantify patient and imaging-specific factors associated with successful pediatric scans without anesthesia and to evaluate labor cost savings associated with our institutional Scan Without Anesthesia Program (SWAP).

Materials And Methods: Patients who participated in SWAP between 2019-2022 were identified.

Rate of head ultrasound abnormalities at one month in very premature and extremely premature infants with normal initial screening ultrasound.

Background: Premature infants are at risk for multiple types of intracranial injury with potentially significant long-term neurological impact. The number of screening head ultrasounds needed to detect such injuries remains controversial.

Objective: To determine the rate of abnormal findings on routine follow-up head ultrasound (US) performed in infants born at ≤ 32 weeks' gestational age (GA) after initial normal screening US.

Müllerian Duct Anomalies: Role in Fertility and Pregnancy.

Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) have important implications for the reproductive health of female patients. In patients with both infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, the incidence of MDAs is as high as 25%. Congenital uterine anomalies are often only part of a complex set of congenital anomalies involving the cervix, vagina, and urinary tract.

Ureteral injury following anterior thoracolumbar spinal instrumented fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case report with CT angiography analysis of surgically relevant anatomy.

Purpose: To report a rare ureteral injury following anterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) that resulted in complete nephrectomy and to delineate the anatomical relationship between the proximal ureter and the anterior lumbar spine based on CT angiography (CTA).

Methods: Thoracolumbar spine CTAs of children with AIS were reviewed. We measured the following relationships to the ureters: lateral-most aspect of vertebral body, anterior psoas at intervertebral disc/vertebral body levels, and lateral psoas at vertebral body level.

Comparing Computed Tomography-Derived Augmented Reality Holograms to a Standard Picture Archiving and Communication Systems Viewer for Presurgical Planning: Feasibility Study.

Background: Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are ubiquitously used to store, share, and view radiological information for preoperative planning across surgical specialties. Although traditional PACS software has proven reliable in terms of display accuracy and ease of use, it remains limited by its inherent representation of medical imaging in 2 dimensions. Augmented reality (AR) systems present an exciting opportunity to complement traditional PACS capabilities.

Abdominal Applications of Pediatric Body MR Angiography: Tailored Optimization for Successful Outcome.

The purpose of this article is to summarize current common techniques and indications for pediatric abdominopelvic MR angiography and strategies for optimizing them to achieve successful outcomes. We also discuss newer MR angiography techniques, including whole-body imaging and blood pool contrast agents, as well as various approaches to reducing the need for anesthesia in pediatric MRI. Pediatric body vascular imaging presents a unique set of challenges that require a tailored approach.

Evaluating the Performance of Augmented Reality in Displaying Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Derived Three-Dimensional Holographic Models.

Introduction/background: Establishing accuracy and precision of magnetic resonance (MR)-derived augmented reality (AR) models is critical before clinical utilization, particularly in preoperative planning. We investigate the performance of an AR application in representing and displaying MR-derived three-dimensional holographic models.

Methods: Thirty gold standard (GS) measurements were obtained on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phantom (six interfiducial distances and five configurations).

Improved diagnostic confidence and accuracy of pediatric elbow fractures with digital tomosynthesis.

Background: Pediatric elbow fractures are common but remain challenging to accurately diagnose. Digital tomosynthesis is a technique that has shown promise in difficult adult fracture patterns but has not been formally studied in the pediatric population.

Objective: To assess the added value of digital tomosynthesis on the detection and diagnostic confidence of pediatric elbow fractures.

Congenital superior mesenteric artery aneurysm in a 6-week-old infant presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Visceral artery aneurysms are rare in infants and children. The majority of cases are caused by genetic syndromes, trauma, or infection. Although the majority of aneurysms are asymptomatic, visceral artery aneurysms can present with abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, or rupture.

Congenital Oral Masses: An Anatomic Approach to Diagnosis.

Although congenital oral masses are rare, they are readily detectable during fetal US screening. Most congenital oral masses are benign, but some may cause mechanical airway obstruction, resulting in poor outcomes at delivery. The radiologist's ability to describe these abnormalities and their physiologic sequelae accurately can have a substantial effect on perinatal treatment.

Implementing Virtual and Augmented Reality Tools for Radiology Education and Training, Communication, and Clinical Care.

Advances in virtual immersive and augmented reality technology, commercially available for the entertainment and gaming industry, hold potential for education and clinical use in medicine and the field of medical imaging. Radiology departments have begun exploring the use of these technologies to help with radiology education and clinical care. The purpose of this review article is to summarize how three institutions have explored using virtual and augmented reality for radiology.

Value of dedicated small-field-of-view sacroiliac versus large-field-of-view pelvic magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating pediatric sacroiliitis.

Background: Optimized MRI parameters can be leveraged to improve signal intensity, accelerate imaging acquisition and increase resolution. Higher-resolution imaging with a small field of view (FOV) has been proposed as standard practice for investigating sacroiliac (SI) joints, but the improvement in disease detection and characterization over pelvic imaging with large FOV has not been established.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare dedicated MR images of the SI joints with survey imaging (large-FOV pelvic MRI) for detecting sacroiliitis.

Assessment of quiet T2 weighted PROPELLER sequence in pediatric abdominal imaging.

Introduction: Elevated acoustic noise during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been associated with patient anxiety and altered cochlear function. Acoustic Reduction Technique (ART) T2 weighted (T2w) periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) has been studied in brain MR but not abdominopelvic imaging. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the image quality and acoustic noise level of ART T2w PROPELLER sequence in comparison with the conventional T2w PROPELLER sequence in pediatric abdomino-pelvic imaging.

Phase II Trial of Alisertib in Combination with Irinotecan and Temozolomide for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma.

Purpose: In phase I testing, alisertib tablets with irinotecan and temozolomide showed significant antitumor activity in patients with neuroblastoma. This study sought to confirm activity of this regimen; evaluate an alisertib oral solution; and evaluate biomarkers of clinical outcomes.

Patients And Methods: We conducted a two-stage phase II trial of alisertib tablets (60 mg/m/dose × 7 days), irinotecan (50 mg/m/dose i.

Bias in Radiology: The How and Why of Misses and Misinterpretations.

Medical errors are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the medical field and are substantial contributors to medical costs. Radiologists play an integral role in the diagnosis and care of patients and, given that those in this field interpret millions of examinations annually, may therefore contribute to diagnostic errors. Errors can be categorized as a "miss" when a primary or critical finding is not observed or as a "misinterpretation" when errors in interpretation lead to an incorrect diagnosis.

Assessing 3D T2 FSE sequence for identification of the normal appendix: working toward a single-sequence MR appendicitis protocol.

Purposes: To assess the ability of a single isotropic 3D T2 FSE sequence to identify the normal appendix in children with potential implication as alternative second-line modality in pediatric appendicitis.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective review of MR abdomino-pelvis or pelvis in children from Oct 2014-Dec 2016 was done. Only exams with 3D T2 FSE sequence performed on a single scanner type were selected.

Be and Pb wet/dry deposition in Melbourne, Australia and the development of deployable units for radiological emergency monitoring.

A large stainless-steel collection tray (with a surface area of one square metre) was purpose built and mounted on the roof of the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) building at Yallambie, Victoria, Australia. Using this system two years' worth of wet/dry deposition samples have been collected and analysed. Smaller portable units were also developed for deployment in an emergency and/or for environmental monitoring.

Intravoxel incoherent motion analysis of renal allograft diffusion with clinical and histopathological correlation in pediatric kidney transplant patients: A preliminary cross-sectional observational study.

The purpose of this study was to compare IVIM values in pediatric renal transplants with histopathology and clinical management change. Fifteen pediatric renal transplant recipients (mean 15.7±2.

Advanced imaging techniques in pediatric body MRI.

While there are many challenges specific to pediatric abdomino-pelvic MRI, many recent advances are addressing these challenges. It is therefore essential for radiologists to be familiar with the latest advances in MR imaging. Laudable efforts have also recently been implemented in many centers to improve the overall experience of pediatric patients, including the use of dedicated radiology child life specialists, MRI video goggles, and improved MR suite environments.

Pilot Study of Renal Diffusion Tensor Imaging as a Correlate to Histopathology in Pediatric Renal Allografts.

Objective: Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a measure of molecular motion obtained from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The objective of this study was to assess the use of FA as a noninvasive correlate of renal allograft histopathology.

Subjects And Methods: Sixteen pediatric renal allograft recipients were imaged using DTI in a prospective study, between October 2014 and January 2016, before a same-day renal allograft biopsy.

Postnatal MRI for CDH: A pictorial review of late-presenting and recurrent diaphragmatic defects.

Late-presenting or recurrent diaphragmatic defects can pose a diagnostic challenge due to varying clinical presentations. Current diagnostic approaches include plain film radiograph for initial assessment, with other imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT and MRI mainly utilized for troubleshooting. As a radiation-free modality, MRI can provide a more definitive diagnosis in particular cases due to its ability to visualize discontinuity of the diaphragm, distinguishing it from eventration.

Pediatric chest CT at chest radiograph doses: when is the ultralow-dose chest CT clinically appropriate?

Purpose: Computed tomography (CT) use in emergency departments represents a significant contribution to pediatric patients' exposure to ionizing radiation. Here, we evaluate whether ultralow-dose chest CT can be diagnostically adequate for other diagnoses and whether model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) can improve diagnostic adequacy compared to adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) at ultralow doses.

Methods: Twenty children underwent chest CTs: 10 standard-dose reconstructed with ASIR and 10 ultralow-dose reconstructed with ASIR and MBIR.