The effect of dairy proteins on the oral burn of capsaicin.

This study focused on the effect of binding of capsaicin by milk proteins on oral burn. The concentration of free, unbound capsaicin in 5 ppm capsaicin solution containing 0-5% (w/w) micellar casein or whey protein isolate was measured by extraction into hexadecane. The concentration of free capsaicin decreased linearly with protein concentration and the decrease was greater for casein than for whey protein.

Partitioning of caffeine and quinine in oil-in-water emulsions and effects on bitterness.

The bulk vegetable oil-water partition coefficient of caffeine and quinine was determined by a shake-flask method as log K  = -1.32 and 2.97.

Characterization of high pressure jet-induced fat-protein complexation.

High-pressure-jet (HPJ) processing of various dairy systems has been shown to disrupt fat droplets and casein micelles and cause a strong association between fat and casein proteins. The present work seeks to better describe this association between fat and casein using a model milk formulated from confectionary coating fat (3.6% wt/wt), micellar casein (3.

Surface measuring coherence scanning interferometry beyond the specular reflection limit.

The capability of optical surface topography measurement methods for measurement of steep and tilted surfaces is investigated through modelling of a coherence scanning interferometer. Of particular interest is the effect on the interference signal and measured topography when tilting the object at angles larger than the numerical aperture slope limit (i.e.

The effect of high-pressure jet processing on cocoa stability in chocolate milk.

Fat-free chocolate milk formulations containing skim milk, cocoa powder, and sugar were thermally treated and then processed using high-pressure jet (HPJ) technology from 125 to 500 MPa. The rheological properties and stability of HPJ-treated chocolate milks were compared with controls (no HPJ processing) prepared both with and without added κ-carrageenan. As expected, carrageenan-free chocolate milk exhibited immediate phase separation of the cocoa powder, whereas formulations containing κ-carrageenan were stable for 14 d.

Scattering and three-dimensional imaging in surface topography measuring interference microscopy.

Surface topography measuring interference microscopy is a three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that provides quantitative analysis of industrial and biomedical specimens. Many different instrument modalities and configurations exist, but they all share the same theoretical foundation. In this paper, we discuss a unified theoretical framework for 3D image (interferogram) formation in interference microscopy.

Freezing kinetics and microstructure of ice cream from high-pressure-jet processing of ice cream mix.

The effect of high-pressure-jet (HPJ) processing (0-500 MPa) on low-fat (6% fat) ice cream was studied by evaluating physiochemical properties before freezing, during dynamic freezing, and after hardening. An HPJ treatment ≥400 MPa decreased the density, increased the apparent size of colloidal particles, and altered rheological behavior (increased non-Newtonian behavior and consistency coefficients) of low-fat ice cream mix before freezing. During dynamic freezing, the particle size and consistency coefficient decreased but remained higher in 400 MPa-treated samples vs.

Effect of alkyl chain length on the antioxidant activity of alkylresorcinol homologues in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions.

The antioxidant cut-off theory details the importance of fine-tuning antioxidant hydrophobicity to optimize antioxidant effectiveness for a given food system; however, previous research has utilized synthetic antioxidant homologues which fail to align with the food industry's demand for natural ingredients. Alkylresorcinols represent a natural homologous series of phenolipid antioxidants. The antioxidant activities of individual alkylresorcinol homologues were investigated in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions.

Effect of high-pressure-jet processing on the physiochemical properties of low-fat ice cream mix.

The objective of this study was to use high-pressure-jet (HPJ) processing to produce functional properties in a low-fat (4.5% fat) ice cream mix similar to those seen when emulsifiers are used. Ice cream mix or serum (nonfat portion of the ice cream mix) were subjected to 200 or 400 MPa HPJ processing and compared with a non-HPJ-treated control.

Coherent imager module with a large field of view for synthetic aperture interferometry applications.

Optical areal profilometry of large precision-engineered surfaces require high-resolution measurements over large fields of view. Synthetic Aperture Interferometry (SAI) offers an alternative to the conventional approach of stitching small fields of view (FOV) obtained with Coherent Scanning Interferometry (CSI) using high-NA objectives. In SAI, low-resolution digital holograms are recorded for different illumination and observation directions and they are added coherently to produce a high-resolution reconstruction over a large FOV.

A new approach to vector scattering: the 3s boundary source method.

This paper describes a novel Boundary Source Method (BSM) applied to the vector calculation of electromagnetic fields from a surface defined by the interface between homogenous, isotropic media. In this way, the reflected and transmitted fields are represented as an expansion of the electric fields generated by a basis of orthogonal electric and magnetic dipole sources that are tangential to, and evenly distributed over the surface of interest. The dipole moments required to generate these fields are then calculated according to the extinction theorem of Ewald and Oseen applied at control points situated at either side of the boundary.

Antioxidant activity of a winterized, acetonic rye bran extract containing alkylresorcinols in oil-in-water emulsions.

Naturally derived antioxidants are in high demand as the food industry strives to meet consumer preferences for non-synthetic additives. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) represent a novel class of natural antioxidants that can be derived from a natural waste stream (bran) and have the potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation given their phenolic structure. The antioxidant activity of rye bran extract containing ARs was investigated in an oil-in-water emulsion and was found to inhibit lipid oxidation reactions.

Updated distribution and experimental life-history traits of the recently invasive snail Lissachatina fulica in Havana, Cuba.

The giant African snail Lissachatina fulica has been reported invading Cuba since 2014 and is now well established in areas of Havana and several nearby regions. This invasive species is of major concern to health authorities given its role as an important vector of parasites such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Here, we update the distribution within Cuba.

Effects of defocus on the transfer function of coherence scanning interferometry.

Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) offers three-dimensional (3D) measurement of surface topography with high precision and accuracy. Defocus within the interferometric objective lens, however, is commonly present in CSI measurements and reduces both the resolving power of the imaging system and the ability to measure tilted surfaces. This Letter extends the linear theory of CSI to consider the effects of defocus on the 3D transfer function and the point spread function in an otherwise ideal CSI instrument.

Characterization of the reference wave in a compact digital holographic camera.

A hologram is a recording of the interference between an unknown object wave and a coherent reference wave. Providing the object and reference waves are sufficiently separated in some region of space and the reference beam is known, a high-fidelity reconstruction of the object wave is possible. In traditional optical holography, high-quality reconstruction is achieved by careful reillumination of the holographic plate with the exact same reference wave that was used at the recording stage.

Pleiotropic Effects of DDT Resistance on Male Size and Behaviour.

Understanding the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance requires knowing the relative fitness of resistant organisms. In the absence of insecticides, resistance is predicted to be costly. The Drosophila melanogaster DDT resistance allele (DDT-R) is associated with a male mating cost.

Effect of fat content on the physical properties and consumer acceptability of vanilla ice cream.

Ice cream is a complex food matrix that contains multiple physical phases. Removal of 1 ingredient may affect not only its physical properties but also multiple sensory characteristics that may or may not be important to consumers. Fat not only contributes to texture, mouth feel, and flavor, but also serves as a structural element.

On tilt and curvature dependent errors and the calibration of coherence scanning interferometry.

Although coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is capable of measuring surface topography with sub-nanometre precision, it is well known that the performance of measuring instruments depends strongly on the local tilt and curvature of the sample surface. Based on 3D linear systems theory, however, a recent analysis of fringe generation in CSI provides a method to characterize the performance of surface measuring instruments and offers considerable insight into the origins of these errors. Furthermore, from the measurement of a precision sphere, a process to calibrate and partially correct instruments has been proposed.

Binding of Caffeine and Quinine by Whey Protein and the Effect on Bitterness.

Many drugs and phytochemicals are bitter, leading to noncompliance with prescriptions and avoidance of healthy foods and a need to suppress their taste. The goal of this study was to investigate the binding of bitterants (quinine and caffeine) by whey protein isolate (WPI) and the effect on perceived bitterness. Caffeine interacted minimally with WPI, while the proportion of unbound quinine decreased exponentially with protein concentration.

Essential Oils Against Pathogen and Spoilage Microorganisms of Fruit Juices: Use of Versatile Antimicrobial Delivery Systems.

Essential oils (EO) are increasingly used as natural antimicrobial compounds, however the effect of delivery system to enhance their antimicrobial activity has not been widely studied. Limonene (0 to 10 μL/mL) was added to microbial suspensions (∼10 CFU/mL) of selected foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), and spoilage microorganisms (Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans). S.

Release Kinetics of Nisin from Chitosan-Alginate Complex Films.

Understanding the release kinetics of antimicrobials from polymer films is important in the design of effective antimicrobial packaging films. The release kinetics of nisin (30 mg/film) from chitosan-alginate polyelectric complex films prepared using various fractions of alginate (33%, 50%, and 66%) was investigated into an aqueous release medium. Films containing higher alginate fractions showed significantly lower (P < 0.

Focus variation microscope: linear theory and surface tilt sensitivity.

In a recent publication [3rd International Conference on Surface Metrology, Annecy, France, 2012, p. 1] it was shown that surface roughness measurements made using a focus variation microscope (FVM) are influenced by surface tilt. The effect appears to be most significant when the surface has microscale roughness (Ra≈50  nm) that is sufficient to provide a diffusely scattered signal that is comparable in magnitude to the specular component.