Application of spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics to the authenticity and quality attributes of rice.

Rice is a staple food for two-thirds of the world's population and is grown in over a hundred countries around the world. Due to its large scale, it is vulnerable to adulteration. In addition, the quality attribute of rice is an important factor affecting the circulation and price, which is also paid more and more attention.

The differences in metabolites, starch structure, and physicochemical properties of rice were related to the decrease in taste quality under high nitrogen fertilizer application.

Nitrogen fertilizer application is one of the key cultivation practices to improve rice yields. However, the application of high nitrogen fertilizers often leads to a reduction in the stickiness of the rice after cooking, thus reducing the taste quality of rice. Moreover, there are differences in taste quality among rice varieties, and the mechanism has not been studied in depth.

Variation of rice starch structure and physicochemical properties in response to high natural temperature during the reproductive stage.

Climate warming affects rice growth at different phenological stages, thereby increasing rice chalkiness and protein content and reducing eating and cooking quality (ECQ). The structural and physicochemical properties of rice starch played important roles in determining rice quality. However, differences in their response to high temperature during the reproductive stage have been rarely studied.

Combination of NIR spectroscopy and algorithms for rapid differentiation between one-year and two-year stored rice.

Storage is necessary for rice to ensure the year-round consumption of rice. With the increase in storage time, the taste quality and commercial value of rice gradually decrease. The accurate determination of the freshness of rice is critical to the rice trade.

Integrated rice-crayfish farming system does not mitigate the global warming potential during rice season.

Integrated rice-crayfish farming system (RCS) has become increasingly popular in China. However, previous research has largely ignored the effect of trench around the paddy field on GHG emissions, which may cause inaccurate estimation of the global warming potential (GWP) from the system. This study compared the GWP between rice monoculture (RM) and RCS.

Different nitrogen fertilizer application in the field affects the morphology and structure of protein and starch in rice during cooking.

Nitrogen fertilization is one of the most important cultivation practices that affects the eating quality of rice. During the cooking process, nitrogen fertilizer application in the field changed the structure of protein and starch during cooking, which eventually reduced the rice eating quality. However, the morphology and structure of rice during cooking under high nitrogen fertilizer application in the field have not been explored.

Differences in grain protein content and regional distribution of 706 rice accessions.

Background: Improving rice quality is one of the main goals of global rice breeding programs, and rice protein content is one of the most important factors affecting rice eating quality. The protein content of rice is mainly determined by genetic factors and also affected by environmental factors. However, the differences and regional distribution of protein content during the evolution of different rice varieties are still unclear.

Differences in starch multi-layer structure, pasting, and rice eating quality between fresh rice and 7 years stored rice.

With the continuous improvement of rice production capacity and the accumulation of reserves year by year, rice sometimes has to be stored for a long time. However, long-term storage of rice has poor sensory properties, which may be related to the structural changes of starch. Different from the previous studies on short-term storage of rice (often 3-12 months), the focus of this study was to understand the differences in starch multi-layer structure, pasting, and rice eating quality between 7 years stored rice and fresh rice.

Response of Source-Sink Characteristics and Rice Quality to High Natural Field Temperature During Reproductive Stage in Irrigated Rice System.

Global warming greatly affects the development of rice at different growth stages, thereby deteriorating rice quality. However, the effect of high natural field temperature during reproductive stages on rice quality is unclear. Thus, grain filling dynamics, source-sink characteristics and quality-related traits were compared between two contrasting natural field temperature conditions namely normal (low temperature) (LRT) and hot (high temperature) growth season (HRT) during reproductive stage.

Current status of carbon neutrality in Chinese rice fields (2002-2017) and strategies for its achievement.

China has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 to address global climate change, and achieving carbon neutrality in rice fields is a vital component of this commitment. However, the current status of carbon neutrality in rice fields in China is unclear, and there are few feasible strategies to achieve its successful implementation. Therefore, this study calculated the net carbon sequestration rate (NCSR, i.

Effect of microbial community structures and metabolite profile on greenhouse gas emissions in rice varieties.

Rice paddy fields are major sources of atmospheric methane (CH) and nitrous oxide (NO). Rice variety is an important factor affecting CH and NO emissions. However, the interactive effects of rice metabolites and microorganisms on CH and NO emissions in paddy fields are not clearly understood.

Use of Protein Content, Amylose Content, and RVA Parameters to Evaluate the Taste Quality of Rice.

Taste quality of rice is the key to its value. However, it is greatly affected by rice types and the environment. It is a complex but necessary factor to accurately evaluate the taste quality of various types of rice in different environments.

Dry cultivation with ratoon system impacts rice quality using rice flour physicochemical traits, fatty and amino acids contents.

A field experiment was conducted to explore the impact on rice quality using high-quality (HH) or drought-resistant (HY) cultivars under flooding irrigation (F) or dry cultivation (D) in ratooning rice system by evaluating the metabolism or physicochemical traits of starch, fatty acids, and amino acids affecting grain quality. Compared to FHY and DHY in the main or ratoon season, DHH in ratoon season (DHHR) exhibited a higher appearance and processing quality but lower cooking quality. DHHR mainly synthesized long branch chain amylopectin to construct the crystalline regions with increased crystallinity, crystallites size, interplanar spacing, dislocation density, Asp and Thr in brown and head rice.

Comprehensive Evaluation of 17 Qualities of 84 Types of Rice Based on Principal Component Analysis.

Rice quality is a complex indicator, and people are paying more and more attention to the quality of rice. Therefore, we used seven rice varieties for twelve nitrogen fertilizer treatments and obtained eighty-four rice types with seventeen qualities. It was found that 17 quality traits had different coefficients of variation.

Grain starch, fatty acids, and amino acids determine the pasting properties in dry cultivation plus rice cultivars.

A field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of cultivars under flooding irrigation and dry cultivation (D) on starch, fatty acids, and amino acids metabolism, starch physicochemical traits, and pasting properties of rice flour. In this study, high-quality cultivar (HH) had better pasting properties among all other cultivars in D treatment. DHH supported higher short-branch chain amylopectin to develop the crystalline regions.

Comparing rice production systems in China: Economic output and carbon footprint.

In recent years, many rotational and integrated rice production systems coupled with several greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation practices have been developed and adopted for demand of low carbon production. However, there have been only few studies about comparisons on the balance between high production and mitigation of GHG emissions in different rice production systems. We therefore aimed to evaluate economic output and carbon footprint of different rice production systems, based on several long-term experiments conducted by our lab.

Dry cultivation and cultivar affect starch synthesis and traits to define rice grain quality in various panicle parts.

A pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of high-quality (Huanghuazhan, HH), drought-resistant (IR, IRAT109) and drought-susceptible cultivars (ZS, Zhenshan97) under flooding irrigation and dry cultivation (D) on the starch accumulation and synthesis, physicochemical traits of starch granules and rice grain quality at the upper (U) and lower panicle. Under D treatment, IR and ZS had lower rice quality, especially the appearance and cooking quality. DHH-U had the highest appearance, nutritional and cooking quality among all cultivars under D treatment, which could be ascribed to the synthesis of more short-branch chain amylopectin and correspondingly higher starch granule tightness.

Rice straw application with different water regimes stimulate enzymes activity and improve aggregates and their organic carbon contents in a paddy soil.

Soil organic carbon plays considerable roles in binding soil particles together forming aggregates. Carbon (C) incorporated within these aggregates is thought to be microbially processed; thus, investigating changes in microbial activities i.e.

Evaluation of resource and energy utilization, environmental and economic benefits of rice water-saving irrigation technologies in a rice-wheat rotation system.

Currently, numerous challenges such as excessive irrigation water consumption, labor shortage, lower economic and environmental benefits pose serious threats to rice cultivation systems. Therefore, more water- and labor-efficient irrigation technologies are needed in rice production for minimal environmental hazards and greater economic benefits. After the screening experiment of water-saving cultivation technologies and cultivars, a two-year field experiment was conducted to further explore the effects of efficient water-saving technologies and rice cultivars on the comprehensive benefits, global warming potential (GWP), grain yield, economic benefits, water productivity, nitrogen partial factor productivity, radiation, accumulated temperature and energy use efficiency (EUE) of a rice-wheat rotation system.

Effects of straw returning levels on carbon footprint and net ecosystem economic benefits from rice-wheat rotation in central China.

Straw returning usually gives rise to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil, and thus negatively affects carbon footprint (CF) of crop production. Numerous studies reported the effects of straw returning on the CF from single crop production. However, little is known about the integrated effects of different levels of straw returning on the CF and net ecosystem economic benefits (NEEB) from rice-wheat rotation.

Metabolomic analysis reveals metabolites and pathways involved in grain quality traits of high-quality rice cultivars under a dry cultivation system.

Dry cultivation of high-yielding or drought-resistant rice cultivars relieves the current pressure on rice cultivation systems. However, the metabolites and metabolic pathways that affect rice quality in high-yield or drought-resistant rice cultivars under dry cultivation have not yet been explored. A field experiment was conducted in 2017 to explore the effects of flooding irrigation (F) and dry cultivation (D) of high-yield and -quality cultivars (Huanghuazhan, HH; Yueyou9113, YY) and a drought-resistant cultivar (Hanyou73, HY) on rice quality traits using metabolomic analysis.

Control Effects of Against and Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Paddy Fields.

Field and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the control effects of parasitoid wasps ( Munakata) on striped rice stem borers and their impacts on NO and CH emissions from paddy fields. Three treatments including no insect (NI), striped stem borer (CS) and parasitoid wasp + striped stem borer (CS+CM) were implemented. The abundance of GHG-related microorganisms in soils was determined by absolute real-time qPCR.

Improvement and stabilization of rice production by delaying sowing date in irrigated rice system in central China.

Background: Climate change has posed great challenges to rice production. Temperature and solar radiation show significant variations in central China. This study aims to analyze the responses of different rice genotypes to the variations of temperature and solar radiation in central China, and to find the way of identifying the optimal sowing date to improve and stabilize rice production.