Sulfur Analogs of the Core Formose Cycle: A Free Energy Map.

Using computational methods, we examine if the presence of HS can tame the unruly formose reaction by generating a free energy map of the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics of sulfur analogs within the core cycle. With mercaptoaldehyde as the linchpin C species, and feeding the cycle with CHO, selected aldol additions and enolizations are kinetically more favorable. Thione formation is thermodynamically less favored compared to aldehydes and ketones, but all these species can be connected by enolization reactions.

Secondary Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pregnancy Intention.

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had many downstream effects, including, for some women, altering the wish to become pregnant. This study examines the effects on pregnancy intention and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score at the initiation of prenatal care in a low-income population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: A retrospective review of cohorts of women initiating prenatal care at two large Medicaid clinics between May and November 2019 and May and November 2020 was performed.

Telehealth for Reproductive Health Services for Economically Disadvantaged Youth.

Purpose: There is a lack of studies describing reproductive health service use and outcomes with telehealth in publicly funded clinics in community settings for economically disadvantaged adolescents and young adults (AYA). This study sought to compare use of reproductive health services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the types and quality of reproductive health-care services for patients who did and did not complete a telehealth visit.

Methods: Medical records were reviewed for AYA who sought reproductive health services at 9 urban family planning and school-based clinics.

Myopic Shift over 5 Years after Pediatric Lensectomy with Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation.

Purpose: To report the change in refractive error over 5 years after primary intraocular lens (IOL) placement by age at surgery and to identify factors associated with the change in refractive error after 5 years.

Design: Prospective observational study at 61 pediatric eye care practices.

Participants: One hundred eighty-six eyes of 152 children undergoing primary IOL implantation before 13 years of age for nontraumatic cataract.

What impact did the COVID-19 pandemic have on psychosis and the delivery of early intervention psychosis services?

Background: In Australia, the first nationwide COVID-19 lockdown occurred in March 2020 bringing challenges for early intervention psychosis (EIP) services. Limited evidence exists on the impacts of the pandemic on treatment outcomes among EIP clients.

Methods: This prospective cohort study analysed routine data from 15 headspace Early Psychosis centres in Australia.

One-year follow-up of clinical convergence measures in children enrolled in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial-Attention and Reading Trial.

Purpose: To assess the long-term stability of clinical measures of convergence (near point of convergence [NPC] and positive fusional vergence [PFV]) in participants enrolled in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial-Attention and Reading Trial (CITT-ART) who received 16 weeks of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods: A total of 310 children, 9-14 years old, with symptomatic convergence insufficiency were enrolled in CITT-ART. Some 270 completed both their 16-week primary outcome visit followed by a 1-year follow-up visit.

Co-designing a recruitment strategy for lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals: protocol for a mixed-methods study.

Background: Lung cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with early detection through screening critical to improving patient outcomes. However, recruiting high-risk individuals, particularly in deprived populations, for screening remains a considerable challenge. This study aims to co-design a targeted recruitment strategy for lung cancer screening, tailored to the specific needs and experiences of high-risk individuals, in collaboration with a Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) panel and expert stakeholders in Ireland.

Novel Quantitative Contrast Sensitivity Function Enhances the Prediction of Treatment Outcome and Recurrence in Amblyopia.

Purpose: Although effective amblyopia treatments are available, treatment outcome is unpredictable, and the condition recurs in up to 25% of the patients. We aimed to evaluate whether a large-scale quantitative contrast sensitivity function (CSF) data source, coupled with machine learning (ML) algorithms, can predict amblyopia treatment response and recurrence in individuals.

Methods: Visual function measures from traditional chart vision acuity (VA) and novel CSF assessments were used as the main predictive variables in the models.

Complications, Visual Acuity, and Refractive Error 3 Years after Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation for Pediatric Aphakia.

Purpose: To report the cumulative incidence of complications and to describe refractive error and visual acuity (VA) outcomes in children undergoing secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after previous surgery for nontraumatic cataract.

Design: Pediatric cataract registry.

Participants: Eighty children (108 eyes: 60 bilateral, 48 unilateral) undergoing lensectomy at younger than 13 years of age.

Predicting the onset of myopia in children by age, sex, and ethnicity: Results from the CLEERE Study.

Significance: Clinicians and researchers would benefit from being able to predict the onset of myopia for an individual child. This report provides a model for calculating the probability of myopia onset, year-by-year and cumulatively, based on results from the largest, most ethnically diverse study of myopia onset in the United States.

Purpose: This study aimed to model the probability of the onset of myopia in previously nonmyopic school-aged children.

Effects of vision therapy on near exodeviation in children with convergence insufficiency treated during the convergence insufficiency treatment trials.

Purpose: To report the change in the magnitude of near exodeviation in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency successfully treated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial-Attention and Reading Trial.

Methods: A total of 131 children 9-14 years of age with symptomatic convergence insufficiency classified as successfully treated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy at the 16-week outcome visit were included. Masked examiners measured the near ocular deviation by the prism and alternate cover test at baseline, primary outcome and 1-year post-treatment.

Doses of medial rectus muscle recessions for divergence insufficiency-type esotropia.

We evaluated whether doses of bilateral medial rectus recessions greater than Parks's tables yielded superior outcomes for adult-onset divergence insufficiency. Forty-two patients underwent bilateral medial rectus recessions. Dose was analyzed as the average total per muscle (surgery + suture adjustment if performed) and compared with the standard dose tables (based on preoperative distance esodeviation), as difference between dose performed and dose indicated by Parks's tables.

Intraoperative Echocardiography: Guide to Decision-Making.

Purpose Of Review: This review aims to provide a concise overview of key recommendations, with a specific focus on common challenges faced by intraoperative echocardiographers when dealing with frequently encountered valvular pathologies and mechanical circulatory support. It offers valuable insights for medical practitioners in this field.

Recent Findings: The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) have released updated comprehensive guidelines for the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for the assessment of cardiac structures and implanted devices to help guide intraoperative decision-making.

Refractive Error Change and Overminus Lens Therapy for Childhood Intermittent Exotropia.

Importance: Increased myopic shift was found to be associated with 1 year of overminus spectacle treatment for children with intermittent exotropia (IXT). Persistence of myopic shift after discontinuing overminus spectacles is unknown.

Objective: To compare refractive error change over 3 years in children with IXT originally treated with overminus vs nonoverminus spectacles.

Effectiveness of one and two doses of acellular pertussis vaccines against laboratory-confirmed pertussis requiring hospitalisation in infants: Results of the PERTINENT sentinel surveillance system in six EU/EEA countries, December 2015 - December 2019.

Background: Monitoring effectiveness of pertussis vaccines is necessary to adapt vaccination strategies. PERTINENT, Pertussis in Infants European Network, is an active sentinel surveillance system implemented in 35 hospitals across six EU/EEA countries. We aim to measure pertussis vaccines effectiveness (VE) by dose against hospitalisation in infants aged <1 year.

Insects' essential role in understanding and broadening animal medication.

Like humans, animals use plants and other materials as medication against parasites. Recent decades have shown that the study of insects can greatly advance our understanding of medication behaviors. The ease of rearing insects under laboratory conditions has enabled controlled experiments to test critical hypotheses, while their spectrum of reproductive strategies and living arrangements - ranging from solitary to eusocial communities - has revealed that medication behaviors can evolve to maximize inclusive fitness through both direct and indirect fitness benefits.

Prevalence of Comprehensive Eye Examination in Preschool Children With Eye Conditions.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of comprehensive eye examinations in multiethnic preschool children, including children with visually significant eye conditions, and identify factors associated with comprehensive eye examinations.

Methods: A sample of 9,197 African American, Hispanic, Asian American, and non-Hispanic White children aged 6-72 months was recruited for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study from 2003 to 2011. Logistic regression performed in 2022 identified independent factors associated with parent-reported history of comprehensive eye examinations.

Consumption of Rodenticide Baits by Invertebrates as a Potential Route into the Diet of Insectivores.

Non-target species are commonly exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides worldwide, which may pose a key threat to declining species. However, the main pathway of exposure is usually unknown, potentially hindering conservation efforts. This study aimed to examine whether baits mixed with the biomarker rhodamine B can be used to track invertebrate consumption of rodenticides in a field environment, using this to observe whether invertebrate prey are a potential vector for anticoagulant rodenticides in the diet of insectivores such as the European hedgehog ().

The complex interactions between nutrition, immunity and infection in insects.

Insects are the most diverse animal group on the planet. Their success is reflected by the diversity of habitats in which they live. However, these habitats have undergone great changes in recent decades; understanding how these changes affect insect health and fitness is an important challenge for insect conservation.

Outcomes and Complications 5 Years After Surgery for Pediatric Cataract Associated With Persistent Fetal Vasculature.

Purpose: To report 5-year outcomes after surgery for cataract associated with persistent fetal vasculature (PFV).

Design: Clinical cohort study using pediatric cataract registry data collected annually from medical records.

Methods: This study included 64 children <13 years of age who were undergoing surgery for unilateral, nontraumatic cataract associated with PFV.