Impaired oxidative phosphorylation drives primary tumor escape and metastasis.

Metastasis causes most cancer deaths and reflects transitions from primary tumor escape to seeding and growth at metastatic sites. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important early in metastasis to enable cancer cells to detach from neighboring cells, become migratory, and escape the primary tumor. While different phases of metastasis expose cells to variable nutrient environments and demands, the metabolic requirements and plasticity of each step are uncertain.

Calorie restriction increases insulin sensitivity to promote beta cell homeostasis and longevity in mice.

Caloric restriction (CR) can extend the organism life- and health-span by improving glucose homeostasis. How CR affects the structure-function of pancreatic beta cells remains unknown. We used single nucleus transcriptomics to show that CR increases the expression of genes for beta cell identity, protein processing, and organelle homeostasis.

Magnetization States and Coupled Spin-Wave Modes in Concentric Double Nanorings.

Concentric multiple nanorings have previously been fabricated and investigated mainly for their different static magnetization states. Here, we present a theoretical analysis for the magnetization dynamics in double nanorings arranged concentrically, where there is coupling across a nonmagnetic spacer due to the long-range dipole-dipole interactions. We employ a microscopic, or Hamiltonian-based, formalism to study the discrete spin waves that exist in the magnetic states where the individual rings may be in either a vortex or an onion state.

Trem2 deficiency attenuates breast cancer tumor growth in lean, but not obese or weight loss, mice and is associated with alterations of clonal T cell populations.

Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer development and worsened prognosis; however, the mechanisms for this association - and the potential benefits of weight loss - have not been fully explored. The adipose environment surrounding breast tumors, which is inflamed in obesity, has been implicated in tumor progression. An emerging therapeutic target for cancer is TREM2, a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed on macrophages in adipose tissue and tumors.

Disruption of nucleotide biosynthesis reprograms mitochondrial metabolism to inhibit adipogenesis.

A key organismal response to overnutrition involves the development of new adipocytes through the process of adipogenesis. Preadipocytes sense changes in the systemic nutrient status and metabolites can directly modulate adipogenesis. We previously identified a role of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis in adipogenesis induction, whereby inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis suppresses the expression of the transcriptional regulators PPARγ and C/EBPα.

Transcriptomic Plasticity of the Circadian Clock in Response to Photoperiod: A Study in Male Melatonin-Competent Mice.

Seasonal daylength, or circadian photoperiod, is a pervasive environmental signal that profoundly influences physiology and behavior. In mammals, the central circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus where it receives retinal input and synchronizes, or entrains, organismal physiology and behavior to the prevailing light cycle. The process of entrainment induces sustained plasticity in the SCN, but the molecular mechanisms underlying SCN plasticity are incompletely understood.

Collective spin waves in RKKY interlayer-coupled NiFe/Ru/NiFenanowire arrays.

We report on a comprehensive investigation of collective spin waves in Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interlayer-coupled NiFe(10 nm)/Ru(1.0 nm)/ NiFe(10 nm) nanowire (NW) arrays. We employed Brillouin light scattering to probe the field- and wavevector-dependences of the spin-wave frequency spectra.

Obesity induces PD-1 on macrophages to suppress anti-tumour immunity.

Obesity is a leading risk factor for progression and metastasis of many cancers, yet can in some cases enhance survival and responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies, including anti-PD-1, which targets PD-1 (encoded by PDCD1), an inhibitory receptor expressed on immune cells. Although obesity promotes chronic inflammation, the role of the immune system in the obesity-cancer connection and immunotherapy remains unclear. It has been shown that in addition to T cells, macrophages can express PD-1.

Gene expression plasticity of the mammalian brain circadian clock in response to photoperiod.

Seasonal daylength, or circadian photoperiod, is a pervasive environmental signal that profoundly influences physiology and behavior. In mammals, the central circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus where it receives retinal input and synchronizes, or entrains, organismal physiology and behavior to the prevailing light cycle. The process of entrainment induces sustained plasticity in the SCN, but the molecular mechanisms underlying SCN plasticity are incompletely understood.

Fructose regulates the pentose phosphate pathway and induces an inflammatory and resolution phenotype in Kupffer cells.

Over-consumption of fructose in adults and children has been linked to increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent studies have highlighted the effect of fructose on liver inflammation, fibrosis, and immune cell activation. However, little work summarizes the direct impact of fructose on macrophage infiltration, phenotype, and function within the liver.

Spin Waves in Ferromagnetic Nanorings with Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions: II. Directional Effects.

A theory is presented to study the effect of interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMIs) on the static and dynamic magnetic properties in single-layered ferromagnetic nanorings. A microscopic (Hamiltonian-based) approach is used that also includes the antisymmetric DMI besides the competing symmetric (bilinear) exchange interactions, magnetic dipole-dipole interactions, and an applied magnetic field. Here, the axial vector of the DMI is taken to be in the plane of the nanoring (by contrast with earlier studies) and we explore cases where it is either parallel or perpendicular to the in-plane magnetic field.

Theory for magnetic impurity modes in two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnetic films.

A spin-wave analysis is developed to calculate the energies of the localized excitations occurring in two-dimensional ferromagnetic van der Waals monolayers when a substitutional magnetic impurity is introduced. The magnetic ions lie on a bipartite honeycomb lattice (similar to that for graphene) and the theory includes the effects of both Ising anisotropy and single-ion anisotropy to stabilize the magnetic ordering perpendicular to the atomic plane at low temperatures. A Dyson-equation formalism, together with the spin-dependent Green's functions derived for van der Waals monolayers, is employed to evaluate the existence conditions and energies for the impurity modes, which lie above the band of spin-wave states of the pure host material.

Single cell RNA-sequencing suggests a novel lipid associated mast cell population following weight cycling.

Our recent study showed weight cycled mice have increased adipose mast cells compared to obese mice by single cell RNA-sequencing. Here, we aimed to confirm and elucidate these changes. Further analysis of our dataset showed that our initial mast cell cluster could subcluster into two unique populations: one with very high expression of classical mast cell markers and another with elevated lipid handling and antigen presentation genes.

Caloric restriction promotes beta cell longevity and delays aging and senescence by enhancing cell identity and homeostasis mechanisms.

Caloric restriction (CR) extends organismal lifespan and health span by improving glucose homeostasis mechanisms. How CR affects organellar structure and function of pancreatic beta cells over the lifetime of the animal remains unknown. Here, we used single nucleus transcriptomics to show that CR increases the expression of genes for beta cell identity, protein processing, and organelle homeostasis.

Deletion of Ascl1 in pancreatic β-cells improves insulin secretion, promotes parasympathetic innervation, and attenuates dedifferentiation during metabolic stress.

Objective: ASCL1, a pioneer transcription factor, is essential for neural cell differentiation and function. Previous studies have shown that Ascl1 expression is increased in pancreatic β-cells lacking functional K channels or after feeding of a high fat diet (HFD) suggesting that it may contribute to the metabolic stress response of β-cells.

Methods: We generated β-cell-specific Ascl1 knockout mice (Ascl1) and assessed their glucose homeostasis, islet morphology and gene expression after feeding either a normal diet or HFD for 12 weeks, or in combination with a genetic disruption of Abcc8, an essential K channel component.

Caloric restriction promotes beta cell longevity and delays aging and senescence by enhancing cell identity and homeostasis mechanisms.

Caloric restriction (CR) extends organismal lifespan and health span by improving glucose homeostasis mechanisms. How CR affects organellar structure and function of pancreatic beta cells over the lifetime of the animal remains unknown. Here, we used single nucleus transcriptomics to show that CR increases the expression of genes for beta cell identity, protein processing, and organelle homeostasis.

Immune profiling of murine cardiac leukocytes identifies triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 as a novel mediator of hypertensive heart failure.

Aims: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis with recent evidence implicating the immune system in orchestrating cardiac remodelling.

Methods And Results: Here, we show the mouse model of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension induces key elements of HFpEF, including diastolic dysfunction, exercise intolerance, and pulmonary congestion in the setting of preserved ejection fraction. A modified single-cell sequencing approach, cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing, of cardiac immune cells reveals an altered abundance and transcriptional signature in multiple cell types, most notably cardiac macrophages.

Surface magnon-polaritons at a dielectric/graphene/gyromagnetic interface in a perpendicular applied magnetic field.

We present a theoretical study of the surface magnon-polaritons at an interface formed by vacuum and a gyromagnetic medium (that can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic), when there is a graphene layer deposited between the media at the interface and a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the interface. The retarded-mode dispersion relations are calculated by considering a superposition of transverse magnetic and transversal electric electromagnetic waves in both media. Our results reveal the appearance of the surface magnon-polariton modes (with frequencies typically of a few GHz) that do not exist in the absence of graphene at the interface.

Weight cycling induces innate immune memory in adipose tissue macrophages.

Introduction: Weight loss improves obesity-associated diabetes risk. However, most individuals regain weight, which worsens the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We previously reported that male mice retain obesity-associated immunological changes even after weight loss, suggesting that immune cells may remember the state of obesity.

Impact of Pediatric Dental Resident Availability in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of Delaware's first pediatric dental residency program on treatment of patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department (PED).

Methods: Charts were reviewed for patients presenting to the PED with a dental chief complaint over a 9-month period with a comparison period. Chief complaint, diagnosis, treatment interventions, disposition, and demographic information were included.

Oral Complaint Visits to the Pediatric Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: We aimed to describe differences in orofacial complaints presenting to a pediatric emergency department (PED) during the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to those presenting prior to the pandemic.

Study Design: A retrospective review was conducted in the PED from March 16, 2020, to August 16, 2020, and compared with the prior year.

Results: Despite a 41% reduction in total PED visits, oral visits as a percentage of PED volume increased (3% vs 2%) P < 0.

Unusual behaviour of the spin-phonon coupling in the quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet RbCoCl.

We present an experimental and theoretical study for the lattice vibrational (phonon) modes in the quasi-one-dimensional (or chain-like) antiferromagnet RbCoCl at low temperatures both above and below the two different magnetic phase transitions. Clear evidence is found for the role of spin-phonon interactions in providing a temperature-dependent contribution for the frequencies of the E and E symmetry phonons that occur with frequencies comparable to those of the spin wave excitations (magnons) in this compound. The behaviour in RbCoCl, as studied here by Raman scattering experiments, is quite different from that typically observed in rutile-structure antiferromagnets where the spin-phonon coupling has been well characterized.

Dipole-exchange spin waves in two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnetic films and stripes.

A spin-wave (SW) theory that includes the long-range dipole-dipole interactions is presented for monolayers of van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets for which the magnetic ions lie on a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. The dipolar interactions provide an additional anisotropy in these materials, along with the Ising exchange interaction and/or single-ion anisotropies that typically stabilize the two-dimensional magnetic ordering. Analytical results for the linearized SW energies are obtained for the ferromagnets in two geometries: complete films and finite-width stripes (or ribbons).