Discriminating Between Apoptosis, Necrosis, Necroptosis, and Ferroptosis by Microscopy and Flow Cytometry.

Apoptosis is a mode of programmed cell death that plays important roles in tissue sculpting during development, in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult, and in the eradication of injured or infected cells during pathological processes. Numerous physiological as well as pathological stimuli trigger apoptosis, such as engagement of plasma-membrane-associated Fas, TRAIL, or TNF receptors, growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, radiation, and exposure to diverse cytotoxic drugs. Apoptosis is coordinated by members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, which, upon activation, trigger a series of dramatic morphological and biochemical changes including retraction from the substratum, cell shrinkage, extensive and protracted plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, DNA hydrolysis, nuclear fragmentation, and proteolytic cleavage of numerous caspase substrates.

A role for the fornix in temporal sequence memory.

Converging evidence from studies of human and nonhuman animals suggests that the hippocampus contributes to sequence learning by using temporal context to bind sequentially occurring items. The fornix is a white matter pathway containing the major input and output pathways of the hippocampus, including projections from medial septum and to diencephalon, striatum, lateral septum and prefrontal cortex. If the fornix meaningfully contributes to hippocampal function, then individual differences in fornix microstructure might predict sequence memory.

Evidence against altered excitatory/inhibitory balance in the posteromedial cortex of young adult APOE E4 carriers: A resting state H-MRS study.

A strategy to gain insight into early changes that may predispose people to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to study the brains of younger cognitively healthy people that are at increased genetic risk of AD. The Apolipoprotein (APOE) E4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, and several neuroimaging studies comparing APOE E4 carriers with non-carriers at age ∼20-30 years have detected hyperactivity (or reduced deactivation) in posteromedial cortex (PMC), a key hub of the default network (DN), which has a high susceptibility to early amyloid deposition in AD. Transgenic mouse models suggest such early network activity alterations may result from altered excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance, but this is yet to be examined in humans.

Medical alert card: a valuable tool in the management of Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis from parental perspective.

Purpose: Awareness of Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) among patient's families and medical staff can lead to prompt recognition of symptoms and earlier implementation of management. We designed an HAEC medical alert card to raise awareness of HAEC among medical staff and carers of children with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Our aim was to investigate parental opinion on the utility of this tool.

Development and Validation of the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth.

We present a series of studies on the development and validation of the Self-Compassion Scale-Youth version (SCS-Y), which is intended for use with early adolescents in middle school. Study 1 ( = 279, = 12.17) describes the selection of 17 items out of a pool of 36 potential items, with three items each representing the subscales of self-kindness, mindfulness, common humanity, self-judgment, isolation, and two items representing over-identification.

A Pilot Study of a Telemedicine-based Substance Use Disorder Evaluation to Enhance Access to Treatment Following Near-Fatal Opioid Overdose.

The opioid epidemic is a growing public health emergency in the United States, with deaths from opioid overdose having increased five-fold since 1999. Emergency departments (EDs) are the primary sites of medical care after near-fatal opioid overdose but are poorly equipped to provide adequate substance use treatment planning prior to discharge. In many underserved locales, limited access to clinicians trained in addiction medicine and behavioral health exacerbates this disparity.

Cognitive and White-Matter Compartment Models Reveal Selective Relations between Corticospinal Tract Microstructure and Simple Reaction Time.

The speed of motor reaction to an external stimulus varies substantially between individuals and is slowed in aging. However, the neuroanatomical origins of interindividual variability in reaction time (RT) remain unclear. Here, we combined a cognitive model of RT and a biophysical compartment model of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) to characterize the relationship between RT and microstructure of the corticospinal tract (CST) and the optic radiation (OR), the primary motor output and visual input pathways associated with visual-motor responses.

Neurochemical correlates of scene processing in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex: A multimodal fMRI and H-MRS study.

Precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) are key components of a midline network, activated during rest but also in tasks that involve construction of scene or situation models. Despite growing interest in PCu/PCC functional alterations in disease and disease risk, the underlying neurochemical modulators of PCu/PCC's task-evoked activity are largely unstudied. Here, a multimodal imaging approach was applied to investigate whether interindividual differences in PCu/PCC fMRI activity, elicited during perceptual discrimination of scene stimuli, were correlated with local brain metabolite levels, measured during resting-state H-MRS.

How to establish a successful bowel management programme in children: a tertiary paediatric centre experience.

Background: Bowel management is a term used to describe a medical approach to the management of faecal incontinence.

Aims: To present the outcomes of an individualised bowel management programme developed by a tertiary paediatric centre and evaluate contributory factors for successful bowel management in children.

Methods: A retrospective review of children attending a bowel management clinic in a tertiary centre in Dublin, Ireland, over 5 years (2010-2015).

Reversing Ribot: does regression hold in language of prodromal Alzheimer's disease?

We consider the regression or retrogenesis hypothesis, which argues that order of acquisition in development is reversed in neurodegeneration or pathology. Originally proposed as a regression hypothesis for the study of memory disorders, specifically retrograde amnesia, by Ribot (1881), it has been extended to the study of brain aging and pathology and to language. We investigate this hypothesis in a new study of language development, aging, and pathology.

Shared neural processes support semantic control and action understanding.

Executive-semantic control and action understanding appear to recruit overlapping brain regions but existing evidence from neuroimaging meta-analyses and neuropsychology lacks spatial precision; we therefore manipulated difficulty and feature type (visual vs. action) in a single fMRI study. Harder judgements recruited an executive-semantic network encompassing medial and inferior frontal regions (including LIFG) and posterior temporal cortex (including pMTG).

Orthostatic symptoms predict functional capacity in chronic fatigue syndrome: implications for management.

Objectives: To establish the relationship between the functional impairment experienced by Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients and the symptoms frequently experienced by those with CFS; specifically cognitive impairment, fatigue and orthostatic symptoms.

Design: Cross sectional questionnaire survey.

Setting: Specialist CFS Clinical Service.

Aseptic peritonitis due to peptidoglycan contamination of pharmacopoeia standard dialysis solution.

Background: Manufacturers of parenteral solutions adhere to European and US Pharmacopoeia standards to define safety and sterility. In response to excess cases of aseptic peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients using icodextrin-containing dialysate that met all pharmacopoeia standards, a global recall was issued in May, 2002. We aimed to establish the cause of aseptic peritonitis.

Response of a sexually transmitted infection epidemic to a treatment and prevention programme in Nairobi, Kenya.

Although it seems possible in a developing country context such as Kenya, given appropriate inputs and a sound approach, to shift a sexually transmitted disease (STI) epidemic from phase II to III, it is not entirely clear how to go beyond this stage, to low levels of endemicity or even elimination. Perhaps the most important challenge now is to expand STI treatment and community STI/HIV prevention programmes to a much larger scale. Although successful programmes have been implemented in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa on a small scale, a significant impact in reducing the STI/HIV burden will not occur until programme reach is expanded to district, provincial, and national levels.