Accumbal acetylcholine signals associative salience.

Learning in dynamic environments requires animals to not only associate cues with outcomes but also to determine cue salience, which modulates how quickly related associations are updated. While dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) has been implicated in learning associations, the mechanisms of salience are less understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that acetylcholine (ACh) in the NAcc encodes cue salience.

COVID-19: Training activities, adherence, and use of personal protective equipment in Primary Health Care.

Objective: to analyze the association between participation in training activities and the adherence to and use of personal protective equipment by workers and professionals involved in Health Residency Programs in Primary Health Care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: a cross-sectional study in Brazil between August/2020 and March/2021. We utilized the EPI-APS COVID-19 instrument and its adapted version for resident professionals.

Generalized cue reactivity in rat dopamine neurons after opioids.

Cue reactivity is the maladaptive neurobiological and behavioral response upon exposure to drug cues and is a major driver of relapse. A widely accepted assumption is that drugs of abuse result in disparate dopamine responses to cues that predict drug vs. natural rewards.

Invasion of glioma cells through confined space requires membrane tension regulation and mechano-electrical coupling via Plexin-B2.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor with diffuse infiltration. Here, we demonstrate how GBM cells usurp guidance receptor Plexin-B2 for confined migration through restricted space. Using live-cell imaging to track GBM cells negotiating microchannels, we reveal endocytic vesicle accumulation at cell front and filamentous actin assembly at cell rear in a polarized manner.

Efficiency of Desiccation, Biomass Production, and Nutrient Accumulation in Zuri and Quênia Guinea Grasses in Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems and Second-Crop Maize.

Modern agriculture faces the challenge of increasing production without expanding cultivated areas, promoting sustainable practices that ensure food security and environmental preservation. Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLSs) stand out as an effective strategy, diversifying and intensifying agricultural production in a sustainable manner, ensuring adequate soil cover, and improving nutrient cycling efficiency. Thus, this study aimed to explore and compare integrated crop-livestock systems with Zuri guinea grass ( cv.

Combining in silico and in vitro approaches for understanding the mechanism of action of the galactomannan extracted from Cassia grandis seeds against colorectal cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the antitumor activity of galactomannan extracted from Cassia grandis seeds (GCg) against colorectal cancer cells using both experimental and computational approaches. Galactomannan was extracted from C. grandis seeds and prepared into solutions with varying concentrations.

Ascorbate peroxidase modulation confirms key role in Leishmania infantum oxidative defence.

Background: Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) has emerged as a promising target for chemotherapy because of its absence in humans and crucial role in the antioxidant defence of trypanosomatids. APXs, which are class I haeme-containing enzymes, reduces hydrogen peroxide using ascorbate to produce water and monodehydroascorbate, thereby preventing cell damage caused by HO.

Methods: We aimed to create an APX-knockout L.

Metagenome-assembled genomes of freshwater sp. G-191 and sp. enriched from Cedar Swamp, Woods Hole, MA.

are facultative denitrifying anaerobes capable of using one-carbon compounds as a sole carbon source. sp. G-191 was enriched from Cedar Swamp, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, using a selective medium for methanol-utilizing bacteria.

Ocular outcomes of toxoplasmosis in the Amazon-Cerrado transition zone, Brazil: a population-based study.

Background: Eye damage represents one of the gravest outcomes of toxoplasmosis, potentially leading to varying degrees of vision impairment, up to and including blindness. Monitoring ophthalmological indicators in individuals affected by toxoplasmosis, alongside understanding its impact on visual acuity, can motivate the scientific community to advocate for strategies to prevent vision loss associated with toxoplasmosis.

Methods: This is a retrospective study analysing medical records and clinical documentation from patients at an ophthalmological clinic in a city located at the intersection of the Cerrado and Amazon Forest biomes.

Dysfunctional suction dynamics in newborns with ankyloglossia.

Purpose: Compare infant suction in babies with and without ankyloglossia using a microprocessor-controlled pressure sensor coupled to a pacifier.

Methods: Fifty-five infants from 0 to 2 months of age underwent clinical examination for ankyloglossia, after which they were offered a silicone pacifier connected to the pressure acquisitiondevice and suction activity was recorded. Thus, we extracted the frequency of sucks within a burst, the average suck duration, the burst duration, the number of sucks per burst, the maximum amplitude of sucks per burst and the inter-burst interval.

One hour walk improves inhibitory control and increases prefrontal cortex activation.

Regular physical activity is deemed beneficial to physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Walking may be an accessible means of meeting physical activity recommendations and improving cognition. However, exercise effects on cognition are often explored at shorter durations (30 min or less), with fewer studies exploring how cognition is impacted during longer bouts of exercise.

Growth of soybean plants cultivated in soil and fertilized with silicon.

Although silicon is not considered an essential element, in some crops such as soybeans, its supply can stimulate plant development and plant production. The growth of soybean cultivars in Cerrado soil subjected to the application of silicon doses was studied. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Instituto Federal do Amapá - IFAP/Campus Agrícola Porto Grande.

Local application of melatonin associated or not to xenogeneic material, in critical defects of rat calvaria.

Melatonin (MLT) is a hormone that can stimulate bone formation and inhibit bone resorption, among other functions. Aim: To evaluate the effect on new bone formation of MLT applied locally to critical defects created in the calvaria of rats, compared to the effect of Bio-Oss® xenogeneic bone substitute (BO), by analyzing histomorphometry, microtomography and gene expression. Materials and Method: Two critical defects (5.

Enhanced drug classification using machine learning with multiplexed cardiac contractility assays.

Cardiac screening of newly discovered drugs remains a longstanding challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. While therapeutic efficacy and cardiotoxicity are evaluated through preclinical biochemical and animal testing, 90 % of lead compounds fail to meet safety and efficacy benchmarks during human clinical trials. A preclinical model more representative of the human cardiac response is needed; heart tissue engineered from human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes offers such a platform.

Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are positively associated with neuroinflammation and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with severe COVID-19.

Even though respiratory dysfunctions are the primary symptom associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, cerebrovascular events, and neurological symptoms are described in many patients. However, the connection between the neuroimmune profile and the lung's inflammatory condition during COVID-19 and its association with the neurological symptoms reported by COVID-19 patients still needs further exploration. The present study characterizes the SARS-CoV-2 infectivity profile in nervous and lung tissue samples of patients who died due to severe COVID-19, and the pro-inflammatory factors present in both nervous and lung tissue samples, via a proteomic profiling array.

The Impact of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacteria on the Germination of : A Threatened Rubiaceae of the Amazon Cangas.

(Rubiaceae) is a narrow endemic species from the canga ecosystems of the Carajás National Forest that is facing extinction due to a limited range and habitat disturbance from hydroclimatological changes and mining activities. This study examines the influence of rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria on seed germination to support conservation efforts. Soil samples, both rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric, as well as plant root tissues, were collected.

Polyamine Pathway Inhibitor DENSPM Suppresses Lipid Metabolism in Pheochromocytoma Cell Line.

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are tumors arising from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, and paragangliomas (PGLs) are tumors derived from extra-adrenal sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia; these tumors are collectively referred to as PPGL cancer. Treatment for PPGL primarily involves surgical removal of the tumor, and only limited options are available for treatment of the disease once it becomes metastatic. Human carriers of the heterozygous mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B () gene are susceptible to the development of PPGL.

Future increase in extreme El Niño supported by past glacial changes.

El Niño events, the warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, amplify climate variability throughout the world. Uncertain climate model predictions limit our ability to assess whether these climatic events could become more extreme under anthropogenic greenhouse warming. Palaeoclimate records provide estimates of past changes, but it is unclear if they can constrain mechanisms underlying future predictions.