Nature and prevalence of long-term conditions in people with intellectual disability: retrospective longitudinal population-based study.

Objective: Explore the nature and prevalence of long-term conditions in individuals with intellectual disability.

Design: Retrospective longitudinal population-based study.

Setting: Primary and secondary care data across the population of Wales with the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank.

Explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in striking combat sports.

Introduction: Aggression in sports is often perceived as a necessary trait for success, especially in martial arts. Aggression can be assessed both explicitly and implicitly, taking into account the dual processing model. The purpose of the research was to examine explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in competitive athletes practicing striking combat sports, according to gender and sports performance.

Efficient Retrieval of Images with Irregular Patterns Using Morphological Image Analysis: Applications to Industrial and Healthcare Datasets.

Image retrieval is the process of searching and retrieving images from a datastore based on their visual content and features. Recently, much attention has been directed towards the retrieval of irregular patterns within industrial or healthcare images by extracting features from the images, such as deep features, colour-based features, shape-based features, and local features. This has applications across a spectrum of industries, including fault inspection, disease diagnosis, and maintenance prediction.

Psychological capital, quality of life, and well-being in mother caregivers of individuals with down syndrome.

Introduction: Caused by an error in cell division that produces an additional chromosome 21, Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common developmental disorders in the world. This study aims to analyze the relationship between psychological capital, quality of life and well-being of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome (DS).

Methods: The participants were 98 caregivers (mothers, = 52.

A Framework for Enabling Unpaired Multi-Modal Learning for Deep Cross-Modal Hashing Retrieval.

Cross-Modal Hashing (CMH) retrieval methods have garnered increasing attention within the information retrieval research community due to their capability to deal with large amounts of data thanks to the computational efficiency of hash-based methods. To date, the focus of cross-modal hashing methods has been on training with paired data. Paired data refers to samples with one-to-one correspondence across modalities, e.

COVID-19 Lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes' Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices.

Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes' knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification.

Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May-July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training.

Predicting surgical outcomes for chronic exertional compartment syndrome using a machine learning framework with embedded trust by interrogation strategies.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a condition occurring most frequently in the lower limbs and often requires corrective surgery to alleviate symptoms. Amongst military personnel, the success rates of this surgery can be as low as 20%, presenting a challenge in determining whether surgery is worthwhile. In this study, the data of 132 fasciotomies for CECS was analysed and using combinatorial feature selection methods, coupled with input from clinicians, identified a set of key clinical features contributing to the occupational outcomes of surgery.

Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents.

Objective: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020).

Results: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes.

On the Limitations of Visual-Semantic Embedding Networks for Image-to-Text Information Retrieval.

Visual-semantic embedding (VSE) networks create joint image-text representations to map images and texts in a shared embedding space to enable various information retrieval-related tasks, such as image-text retrieval, image captioning, and visual question answering. The most recent state-of-the-art VSE-based networks are: VSE++, SCAN, VSRN, and UNITER. This study evaluates the performance of those VSE networks for the task of image-to-text retrieval and identifies and analyses their strengths and limitations to guide future research on the topic.

Image Enhanced Mask R-CNN: A Deep Learning Pipeline with New Evaluation Measures for Wind Turbine Blade Defect Detection and Classification.

Demand for wind power has grown, and this has increased wind turbine blade (WTB) inspections and defect repairs. This paper empirically investigates the performance of state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms, namely, YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and Mask R-CNN for detecting and classifying defects by type. The paper proposes new performance evaluation measures suitable for defect detection tasks, and these are: Prediction Box Accuracy, Recognition Rate, and False Label Rate.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Quality of Life among Romanian Athletes.

The aim of this study was to analyze athletes' quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved 249 athletes between 15 and 35 of age, M = 21.22, SD = 5.

A comparative analysis of three types of parathyroidectomies in renal hyperparathyroidism Single centre prospective cohort of 77 patients.

Background: There is no consensus regarding optimal timing or best surgical procedure for refractory renal hyperparathyroidism patients. We aim to compare the results after three types of parathyroidectomies performed for sHPT in a single referral centre.

Methods: This study included patients on chronic hemodialysis submitted to three types of parathyroidectomy between 2010 and 2017.

Kinetically distinct processing pathways diversify the CD8 T cell response to a single viral epitope.

The source proteins from which CD8 T cell-activating peptides are derived remain enigmatic. Glycoproteins are particularly challenging in this regard owing to several potential trafficking routes within the cell. By engineering a glycoprotein-derived epitope to contain an N-linked glycosylation site, we determined that optimal CD8 T cell expansion and function were induced by the peptides that are rapidly produced from the exceedingly minor fraction of protein mislocalized to the cytosol.

Identifying prostate cancer and its clinical risk in asymptomatic men using machine learning of high dimensional peripheral blood flow cytometric natural killer cell subset phenotyping data.

We demonstrate that prostate cancer can be identified by flow cytometric profiling of blood immune cell subsets. Herein, we profiled natural killer (NK) cell subsets in the blood of 72 asymptomatic men with Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) levels < 20 ng ml, of whom 31 had benign disease (no cancer) and 41 had prostate cancer. Statistical and computational methods identified a panel of eight phenotypic features ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) that, when incorporated into an Ensemble machine learning prediction model, distinguished between the presence of benign prostate disease and prostate cancer.

Full thickness genital burns independently increase the odds of death among pediatric burn patients.

Background: There are limited published data characterizing pediatric burn patients with genital burns (GB).

Objective: Assess prevalence of GB in pediatric burn patients and analyze clinical characteristics including predictors of mortality.

Study Design: We queried American Burn Association's National Burn Repository to identify all pediatric burn patients who presented to North American burn centers over a 10-year period.

A review of learning in biologically plausible spiking neural networks.

Artificial neural networks have been used as a powerful processing tool in various areas such as pattern recognition, control, robotics, and bioinformatics. Their wide applicability has encouraged researchers to improve artificial neural networks by investigating the biological brain. Neurological research has significantly progressed in recent years and continues to reveal new characteristics of biological neurons.

Impact of epitope density on CD8 T cell development and function.

Effective immune responses against intracellular pathogens and tumors frequently rely upon CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In turn, CTL detection of foreign material from viruses and bacteria depends on antigen presentation by the MHC class I pathway. The underpinnings of antigen processing and presentation and, subsequent T cell activation and immunological memory development, have been extensively studied, leading to a better understanding of the balance between antigen dose, context, and, the T cell activation threshold.

CD8 T-cell responses in vaccination: reconsidering targets and function in the context of chronic antigen stimulation.

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells play important roles in eliminating infected and transformed cells. Owing to their potential for therapeutic applications, significant efforts are dedicated toward developing CD8 T cell-based vaccines. Thus far, CD8 T-cell vaccination strategies have had limited success therapeutically in contrast to those targeting antibody-based immunity.

Identifying the Presence of Prostate Cancer in Individuals with PSA Levels <20 ng ml Using Computational Data Extraction Analysis of High Dimensional Peripheral Blood Flow Cytometric Phenotyping Data.

Determining whether an asymptomatic individual with Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) levels below 20 ng ml has prostate cancer in the absence of definitive, biopsy-based evidence continues to present a significant challenge to clinicians who must decide whether such individuals with low PSA values have prostate cancer. Herein, we present an advanced computational data extraction approach which can identify the presence of prostate cancer in men with PSA levels <20 ng ml on the basis of peripheral blood immune cell profiles that have been generated using multi-parameter flow cytometry. Statistical analysis of immune phenotyping datasets relating to the presence and prevalence of key leukocyte populations in the peripheral blood, as generated from individuals undergoing routine tests for prostate cancer (including tissue biopsy) using multi-parametric flow cytometric analysis, was unable to identify significant relationships between leukocyte population profiles and the presence of benign disease (no prostate cancer) or prostate cancer.

Differentiation and Protective Capacity of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells Suggest Murine Norovirus Persistence in an Immune-Privileged Enteric Niche.

Noroviruses can establish chronic infections with active viral shedding in healthy humans but whether persistence is associated with adaptive immune dysfunction is unknown. We used genetically engineered strains of mouse norovirus (MNV) to investigate CD8 T cell differentiation during chronic infection. We found that chronic infection drove MNV-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8 T cells to a differentiation state resembling inflationary effector responses against latent cytomegalovirus with only limited evidence of exhaustion.

Corrigendum: Characterization of T-bet and Eomes in Peripheral Human Immune Cells.

[This corrects the article on p. 217 in vol. 5, PMID: 24860576.

"Our people has got to come to terms with that": changing perceptions of the digital rectal examination as a barrier to prostate cancer diagnosis in African-Caribbean men.

Objective: African-Caribbean men in the United Kingdom in comparison with other ethnicities have the highest incidence rate of prostate cancer. Psychosocial aspects related to screening and presentation impact on men's behavior, with previous studies indicating a range of barriers. This study explores one such barrier, the digital rectal examination (DRE), due to its prominence within UK African-Caribbean men's accounts.