Anti-chlamydial effects of azelastine hydrochloride and the impact of the histamine H1 receptor on chlamydial development.

Azelastine hydrochloride, a second-generation histamine H1 receptor (H1R) antagonist, exhibits anti-chlamydial effects against (CT) in HeLa cells (genital infection model). Non-antibiotic pharmaceutical interactions with CT are an understudied field and the anti-chlamydial effects of azelastine are a potential interaction requiring further elucidation..

Coinfection during Genital Latency Does Not Modulate Murine Vaginal Bacterial Shedding.

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most frequently reported agents of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Nonetheless, C. trachomatis/N.

Refinement of water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiations of in vitro acute and persistent chlamydial infections.

Water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) alone or in combination with visible light (VIS) exerts anti-chlamydial effects in vitro and in vivo in acute infection models. However, it has remained unclear whether reduced irradiation duration and irradiance would still maintain anti-chlamydial efficacy. Furthermore, efficacy of this non-chemical treatment option against persistent (chronic) chlamydial infections has not been investigated to date.

Limits Inclusion Development and Infectivity in a Novel Co-Infection Model.

(Ct) and (Ng) are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. The primary site of infection for both bacteria is the epithelium of the endocervix in women and the urethra in men; both can also infect the rectum, pharynx and conjunctiva. Ct/Ng co-infections are more common than expected by chance, suggesting Ct/Ng interactions increase susceptibility and/or transmissibility.

Chlamydia suis is associated with intestinal NF-κB activation in experimentally infected gnotobiotic piglets.

Chlamydia suis intestinal infection of single-animal experimental groups of gnotobiotic newborn piglets was previously reported to cause severe, temporary small intestinal epithelium damage. We investigated archived intestinal samples for pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production and immune cell influx. Samples were collected 2, 4 and 7 days post-inoculation with C.

Water Filtered Infrared A and Visible Light (wIRA/VIS) Irradiation Reduces Infectivity Independent of Targeted Cytokine Inhibition.

is the major cause of infectious blindness and represents the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Considering the potential side effects of antibiotic therapy and increasing threat of antibiotic resistance, alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. Previous studies showed that water filtered infrared A alone (wIRA) or in combination with visible light (wIRA/VIS) reduced infectivity.

Novel Chlamydia species isolated from snakes are temperature-sensitive and exhibit decreased susceptibility to azithromycin.

Chlamydia species have recently been recognized as emerging pathogens in snakes. However, isolation of novel snake chlamydiae is critical and their growth characteristics are largely unknown. In this study, two novel chlamydial species are described: Chlamydia serpentis and Chlamydia poikilothermis, isolated after attempts on 23 cloacal and choanal swabs from 18 PCR-positive captive snakes originating from different Swiss snake collections.

Water-filtered infrared A reduces chlamydial infectivity in vitro without causing ex vivo eye damage in pig and mouse models.

Repeated ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis trigger the development of trachoma, the most common cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) has shown positive effects on cultured cells and human skin. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of wIRA as a possible non-chemical treatment for trachoma patients.

18S Ribosomal RNA Evaluation as Preanalytical Quality Control for Animal DNA.

The 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene is present in all eukaryotic cells. In this study, we evaluated the use of this gene to verify the presence of PCR-amplifiable host (animal) DNA as an indicator of sufficient sample quality for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. We compared (i) samples from various animal species, tissues, and sample types, including swabs; (ii) multiple DNA extraction methods; and (iii) both fresh and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples.

Penicillin G-Induced Chlamydial Stress Response in a Porcine Strain of Chlamydia pecorum.

Chlamydia pecorum causes asymptomatic infection and pathology in ruminants, pigs, and koalas. We characterized the antichlamydial effect of the beta lactam penicillin G on Chlamydia pecorum strain 1710S (porcine abortion isolate). Penicillin-exposed and mock-exposed infected host cells showed equivalent inclusions numbers.

Damage/Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) Modulate Chlamydia pecorum and C. trachomatis Serovar E Inclusion Development In Vitro.

Persistence, more recently termed the chlamydial stress response, is a viable but non-infectious state constituting a divergence from the characteristic chlamydial biphasic developmental cycle. Damage/danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are normal intracellular components or metabolites that, when released from cells, signal cellular damage/lysis. Purine metabolite DAMPs, including extracellular ATP and adenosine, inhibit chlamydial development in a species-specific manner.

Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection increases host cell mutation frequency.

Background: Microsporidia are obligate intracellular opportunistic fungi that cause significant pathology in immunocompromised hosts. However, 11 percent of immunocompetent individuals in the general population are microsporidia-seropositive, indicating that severe immune suppression may not be a prerequisite for infection. Encephalitozoon intestinalis is transmitted in contaminated water and initially infects gastro-intestinal enterocytes, leading to diarrheal disease.