HIV-related stigma among Spanish-speaking Latinos in an emerging immigrant city following the Solo Se Vive Una Vez social marketing campaign.

HIV-related stigma exacerbates Latino immigrants' risk of HIV infection and delayed care. Following the implementation of the social marketing campaign Sólo Se Vive Una Vez (You Only Live Once) to increase HIV testing that addressed stigmatizing beliefs, we conducted a survey among Latinos in Baltimore, Maryland (N = 357). The aims of this paper are to 1) characterize the sociodemographic characteristics, HIV-related stigma beliefs, and testing behaviors of the survey respondents by campaign exposure, and 2) model the effects of Vive exposure on stigma beliefs and testing behaviors.

"The First Step to Changing Something": Addressing Latinx Childhood Obesity through Photovoice.

Background: Latinx children in immigrant families have disproportionately high obesity rates; effective obesity treatment for this subset of Latinx children is critically needed.

Objectives: To inform the development of weight management interventions we explored: 1) community facilitators and barriers to achieving childhood healthy weight through photovoice; and 2) participant reflections on the photovoice process.

Methods: Photovoice was conducted using established methods in a local church.

Evaluating the Clinical Validity of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Genes.

Background: Genetic testing for families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) provides a significant opportunity to improve care. Recent trends to increase gene panel sizes often mean variants in genes with questionable association are reported to patients. Classification of HCM genes and variants is critical, as misclassification can lead to genetic misdiagnosis.

Examining the Cascade of Participant Attrition in a Genomic Medicine Research Study: Barriers and Facilitators to Achieving Diversity.

Background/aims: Recent genomic medicine initiatives underscore the importance of including diverse participants in research. Considerable literature has identified barriers to and facilitators of increasing diversity, yet disparities in recruiting and retaining adequate numbers of participants from diverse groups continue to limit the generalizability of clinical genomic research.

Methods: The North Carolina Clinical Genomic Evaluation by Next-gen Exome Sequencing study employed evidence-based strategies to enhance the participation of under-represented minority patients.

Setting sample size to ensure narrow confidence intervals for precise estimation of population values.

Background: Sample sizes set on the basis of desired power and expected effect size are often too small to yield a confidence interval narrow enough to provide a precise estimate of a population value.

Approach: Formulae are presented to achieve a confidence interval of desired width for four common statistical tests: finding the population value of a correlation coefficient (Pearson r), the mean difference between two populations (independent- and dependent-samples t tests), and the difference between proportions for two populations (chi-square for contingency tables).

Discussion: Use of the formulae is discussed in the context of the two goals of research: (a) determining whether an effect exists and (b) determining how large the effect is.

Measuring women's satisfaction with treatment for sexual dysfunction: development and initial validation of the Women's Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (WITS-9).

Aim: To develop a brief, psychometrically sound, measure of satisfaction with treatment for female sexual arousal disorder.

Method: In Phase 1, women in focus groups generated items measuring satisfaction with treatment for arousal disorder. In Phase 2, expert clinicians/researchers and women with self-reported female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) assessed the content validity of the items.

Canadian and American sex therapists' perceptions of normal and abnormal ejaculatory latencies: how long should intercourse last?

Introduction: Lay public perceptions about how long intercourse should last are discrepant from objective data on ejaculatory latencies. This may be problematic as the subjective interpretation of latency is a factor related to perceived distress with length of intercourse.

Aim: Quantify the opinion of expert sex therapists as to what are "adequate,""desirable,""too short," and "too long" intravaginal ejaculatory latencies.

Outcome measurement in female sexual dysfunction clinical trials: review and recommendations.

Defining and measuring Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) is a complex and challenging task. Several factors have confounded the theory and measurement of FSD including: the use of an inappropriate male paradigm; difficulty in capturing the complexity of women's sexual response; an evolving but presently untested nosology; and the relative independence between subjective and objective aspects of women's sexual response. Each of these factors have contributed to the difficulty in developing meaningful and valid endpoints for clinical trials.

Prostate-specific antigen changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone replacement.

Testosterone supplementation is commonly used as a treatment for hypogonadal men with or without erectile dysfunction. The effect of parenteral testosterone replacement therapy on the development or growth of prostate cancer is unclear. We assessed the effect of this treatment on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and risk of prostate cancer in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction.

Distribution of chronic prostatitis in radical prostatectomy specimens with up-regulation of bcl-2 in areas of inflammation.

Purpose: We examined the anatomical relationship of chronic prostatitis with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) based on the hypothesis that there may be an association of prostatitis with these other entities that may involve up-regulation of bcl-2.

Materials And Methods: We examined 40 whole mount radical prostatectomy specimens for the presence and distribution of chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Immunostaining for bcl-2 was done in 10 cases.

Nocturnal penile tumescence activity unchanged after long-term intracavernous injection therapy.

Purpose: Anecdotal evidence suggests that some men have restored erectile function after long-term intracavernous injection therapy for erectile dysfunction. We objectively assessed this phenomenon using nocturnal penile tumescence testing.

Materials And Methods: In our retrospective study 19 men with a mean age of 53.

EDITS: development of questionnaires for evaluating satisfaction with treatments for erectile dysfunction.

Objectives: To develop Patient and Partner versions of a psychometrically sound questionnaire, the EDITS (Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction), to assess satisfaction with medical treatments for erectile dysfunction.

Methods: Treatment satisfaction differs from treatment efficacy as it focuses on a person's subjective evaluation of treatment received. Twenty-nine items representing the domain of treatment satisfaction for men and 20 representing partner satisfaction were generated.

The role of cognitive factors in cue reactivity: extinction on demand.

Cue reactivity measures have become common in addictions research for their apparent objectivity. We used an analog paradigm to examine whether such measures are subject to impression management. Students with conditioned reactions of salivation to the sight and smell of a lemon were assigned to a control group, an experimental group asked to reduce salivation, or an experimental group asked to reduce salivation and promised a reward if successful.

Construction of scales for the Center for Marital and Sexual Health (CMASH) Sexual Functioning Questionnaire.

The objective of this study was to identify a set of scales for summarizing the results of the Center for Marital and Sexual Health Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CMASH SFQ). Scales for this instrument were constructed using patients' responses to the CMASH SFQ in a recent clinical trial of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1, alprostadil), an injectable vasodilator used to treat erectile dysfunction. A set of items was identified as a scale if they met predetermined standards of internal consistency, discriminant validity, and convergent validity.

The extinction of naturally occurring conditioned reactions in psychoactive substance users: analog studies.

In the present series of studies we develop an analog approach for the study of conditioned reactions to drug stimuli. The analog we study is the naturally occurring conditioned reaction of salivation at the sight of a lemon. We show that this conditioned reaction can be extinguished, that spontaneous recovery occurs, and that the conditioned reaction increases after "relapse.

A double-blind crossover trial of clomipramine for rapid ejaculation in 15 couples.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual and psychosocial efficacy of clomipramine for rapid ejaculation.

Methods: Fifteen physically healthy, self-selected couples (men had a mean age of 38 years) who met six eligibility criteria and did not meet five exclusion criteria participated in a variable-length, repeated measures, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with a 2-month follow-up period. Sexual and psychosocial assessments were conducted at baseline, after placebo, after 25 mg/day of clomipramine, after 50 mg/day of clomipramine, and at the 2-month follow-up point.

The impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on women's sexual functioning.

Objective: We investigated the impact of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the mediating effects of psychosocial factors on women's sexual adjustment.

Methods: Data were obtained through structured interviews and psychometric scales administered to 100 female subjects with SLE and 71 disease-free controls.

Results: Compared with controls, patients with SLE had a significantly higher rate of abstention (26 vs 4%, p < 0.

Prevalence and patterns of "dual diagnosis" among psychiatric inpatients.

Studies of patients admitted to public mental hospitals have consistently found high rates of comorbid substance use disorders. We sought a better understanding of this comorbidity among psychiatric inpatients, in particular differentiating two groups of "dual diagnosis" patients, (1) those with independent mental disorders complicated by substance use disorders, and (2) those with psychoactive substance use disorder-induced organic mental disorders (PSUD-induced OMD). The diagnoses of 435 consecutively admitted inpatients from an inner-city catchment area were ascertained with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (1987 Inpatient Version [SCID-P]), modified to describe more accurately the relationships between psychiatric syndromes and substance use.

Severity of substance use disorders among psychiatric inpatients.

This study compares the severity of DSM-III-R psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUDs) among dually diagnosed psychiatric inpatients with independent axis I mental disorders (IMDs) with the severity of PSUDs among: a) patients from the same hospitals with PSUD-related organic mental syndromes (PSUD-OMD) and b) patients from a residential drug-treatment program with PSUDs but no axis I mental disorders. The drug-use disorders among the group 1 (IMD+PSUD) patients were less severe on multiple indicators from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) and the Addiction Severity Index compared with the drug-use disorders among the other two groups. This did not hold for alcohol disorders.

Implications of mental and substance use disorders. A comparison of single and dual diagnosis patients.

To understand better the implications of co-occurring mental and substance use disorders, we examined DSM-III-R diagnoses and life problems among a representative sample of 314 patients admitted to either a psychiatric hospital or a residential substance abuse treatment program from the same inner-city catchment area. Based upon the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, the patients were divided into four groups. The first two groups had dual diagnoses, either: a) a primary axis I mental disorder (MD) and a comorbid psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD); or b) a PSUD-related mental disorder and a PSUD, but no primary axis I MD.

Influence of psychoactive substance use on the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis.

The interrater reliability of diagnoses made on the basis of a structured interview for psychiatric patients with and without psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUDs) was examined. Forty-seven pairs of ratings by 9 different clinical interviewers were used. Results supported 3 major findings: (a) The interrater reliability for non-PSUD psychiatric diagnoses is quite high when a subject has no diagnosable PSUD; it is lower, though still substantial, when a PSUD is present.

Assessment and classification of patients with psychiatric and substance abuse syndromes.

Patients with both mental illness and substance abuse pose a major clinical challenge to mental health and substance abuse clinicians. The literature seems to support the hypothesis that mental illness and substance abuse occur together more frequently than chance would predict. Assessment and classification of these patients should be guided by clinicians' needs to make meaningful therapeutic judgments and to communicate effectively with each other in coordinating treatment.