Otariid gammaherpesvirus 1 in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and a novel related herpesvirus in free-ranging South American sea lions (Otaria byronia): Prevalence and effects of age, sex, and sample type.

Otariid gammaherpesvirus 1 (OtGHV1) is associated with high rates of urogenital carcinoma in free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL), and until recently was reported only in the Northern Hemisphere. The objective of this study was to survey free-ranging South American sea lions (Otaria byronia; SASL) and South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis: SAFS) in Punta San Juan, Peru for OtGHV1 and to determine prevalence characteristics. Twenty-one percent (14/67) of urogenital swabs collected over three years (2011, 2014, 2015) from live pinnipeds of both species tested positive with a pan-herpesvirus conventional PCR.

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of herpesviruses in endangered free-ranging cervids of Chile: ovine gammaherpesvirus-2-A novel threat to wild and domestic animal health in Chilean Patagonia.

Introduction: Herpesvirus infections have been highlighted as emerging diseases affecting wildlife health and the conservation of several taxa. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) and infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) are two viruses that infect wild ruminants. Nevertheless, epidemiological data on herpesviruses in South American wild ruminants are limited.

Identification of 3 novel herpesviruses in prosimians with lymphoproliferative disease.

Although many studies have characterized catarrhine and platyrrhine primate herpesviruses, little is known about herpesviruses in prosimians. We aimed to identify and characterize herpesviruses in prosimians with proliferative lymphocytic disease. DNA was extracted from tissues of 9 gray mouse lemurs () and 3 pygmy slow lorises () with lymphoproliferative lesions, and we performed nested PCR and sequencing for detection of herpesviruses and polyomaviruses.

Identification of the interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) pathway in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma - A pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to detect the presence of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and the potential downstream effects of IL-8 receptor activation in 2 previously characterized feline oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCCF1 and SCCF2). Interleukin-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) was initially detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A previously validated and commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to measure IL-8 production in the supernatant of the 2 cell lines.

Adenovirus Diversity in Fur Seal and Penguin Colonies of South America.

Adenoviruses are medium size nonenveloped viruses with a trend of coevolution with their hosts. We surveyed South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) for adenoviruses at two sites from 2009 to 2012. Despite the common pattern of host specificity, some of the adenoviruses in our study were present in samples from unexpected host species.

Unlocking the Role of a Genital Herpesvirus, Otarine Herpesvirus 1, in California Sea Lion Cervical Cancer.

Urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions () is the most common cancer of marine mammals. Primary tumors occur in the cervix, vagina, penis, or prepuce and aggressively metastasize resulting in death. This cancer has been strongly associated with a sexually transmitted herpesvirus, otarine herpesvirus 1 (OtHV1), but the virus has been detected in genital tracts of sea lions without cancer and a causative link has not been established.

Novel application of single-cell next-generation sequencing for determination of intratumoral heterogeneity of canine osteosarcoma cell lines.

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a highly aggressive and metastatic neoplasm of both the canine and human patient and is the leading form of osseous neoplasia in both species worldwide. To gain deeper insight into the heterogeneous and genetically chaotic nature of OSA, we applied single-cell transcriptome (scRNA-seq) analysis to 4 canine OSA cell lines. This novel application of scRNA-seq technology to the canine genome required uploading the CanFam3.

Canine osteosarcoma checkpoint expression correlates with metastasis and T-cell infiltrate.

Background: Immune-targeted therapies are being successfully implemented into cancer clinical practice. In particular checkpoint inhibitors are employed to modulate the immune microenvironment of solid tumors. We sought to determine the expression of PD-L1, HVEM, and B7H3 in human and canine osteosarcoma, and correlate expression with clinical features and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in naturally-occurring canine osteosarcoma.

Phaeohyphomycosis due to Veronaea botryosa in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA during 2006 to 2015.

Infection with Veronaea botryosa can result in rare cutaneous or disseminated, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous phaeohyphomycosis in humans, although disease due to the fungus has also been reported in non-mammalian vertebrates. This report documents disease due to V. botryosa in captive, juvenile to subadult or young adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA and complements a previous report of the disease in captive Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) from Florida USA.

Analysis of canine myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) utilizing fluorescence-activated cell sorting, RNA protection mediums to yield quality RNA for single-cell RNA sequencing.

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a branch of flow cytometry that allows for the isolation of specific cell populations that can then be further analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). When utilizing FACS for population isolation prior to sequencing, it is essential to consider the protection of RNA from RNase activity, environmental conditions, and the sorting efficiency to ensure optimum sample quality. This study aimed to optimize a previously published MDSC flow cytometry strategy to FACS sort canine Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) with various permutations of RNAlater ™ and RiboLock™ before and after FACS sorting.

Author Correction: 50 Years of Cetacean Strandings Reveal a Concerning Rise in Chilean Patagonia.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

50 Years of Cetacean Strandings Reveal a Concerning Rise in Chilean Patagonia.

Cetacean strandings (CS) have been reported in increasing numbers in coastal areas worldwide. Although the causes of these strandings are unknown, a number of anthropogenic and environmental factors have been suggested. This paper aims to characterize CS patterns and describe their fine-scale spatiotemporal dynamics.

Genomic sequencing of a virus representing a novel type within the species Dyopipapillomavirus 1 in an Indian River Lagoon bottlenose dolphin.

Fecal samples collected from free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (BDs) in the Indian River Lagoon of Florida were processed for viral discovery using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. A 693-bp contig identified in the NGS data was nearly identical to the partial L1 gene sequence of a papillomavirus (PV) previously found in a penile papilloma in a killer whale (Orcinus orca). Based on this partial bottlenose dolphin papillomavirus (BDPV) sequence, a nested inverse PCR and primer-walking strategy was employed to generate the complete genome sequence.

Complete Genome Sequencing of a Novel Type of in Indian River Lagoon Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).

The genome sequence of a papillomavirus was determined from fecal samples collected from bottlenose dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon, FL. The genome was 7,772 bp and displayed a typical papillomavirus genome organization. Phylogenetic analysis supported the bottlenose dolphin papillomavirus as being a novel type of .

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENOME OF AN ENTERITIS-ASSOCIATED BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN MASTADENOVIRUS SUPPORTS A CLADE INFECTING THE CETARTIODACTYLA.

:  Adenoviruses are nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses, known to infect members of all tetrapod classes, with a similarity between phylogenies of hosts and viruses observed. We characterized bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 2 (BdAdV-2) found in a bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus) with enteritis. Virions were seen by negative staining electron microscopy of feces.

Development of a quantitative PCR assay for measurement of trichechid herpesvirus 1 load in the Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris).

Trichechid herpesvirus 1 (TrHV-1) is currently the only known herpesvirus in any sirenian. We hypothesized that stress may lead to recrudescence of TrHV-1 in manatees, thus making TrHV-1 a potential biomarker of stress. We optimized and validated a TrHV-1 real-time quantitative probe hybridization PCR (qPCR) assay that was used to quantify TrHV-1 in manatee peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Development and validation of a quantitative PCR for rapid and specific detection of California sea lion adenovirus 1 and prevalence in wild and managed populations.

California sea lion adenovirus 1 (CSLAdV-1) has been associated with hepatitis and enteritis in several wild and captive populations of diverse pinniped species. Currently available tests have been limited to pan-adenoviral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing. We present the development of a quantitative probe-hybridization PCR (qPCR) assay for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of this virus in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus) and other pinnipeds.

COINFECTION OF CALIFORNIA SEA LION ADENOVIRUS 1 AND A NOVEL POLYOMAVIRUS IN A HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL (NEOMONACHUS SCHAUINSLANDI).

The Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) is an endangered species. Here, we present a clinical case of a 26-yr-old male Hawaiian monk seal (HMS) kept in an aquarium with a history of intermittent anorexia and evidence of renal disease. Histologic examination revealed eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in the liver.

A NOVEL GAMMAHERPESVIRUS IN NORTHERN FUR SEALS (CALLORHINUS URSINUS) IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE CALIFORNIA SEA LION (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) CARCINOMA-ASSOCIATED OTARINE HERPESVIRUS-1.

Otarine herpesvirus 1 (OtHV1) is strongly associated with California sea lion (CSL, Zalophus californianus) urogenital carcinoma, the most common cancer documented in marine mammals. In addition to CSL, OtHV1 has also been found in association with carcinoma in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), demonstrating it can infect related species. Northern fur seals (NFS, Callorhinus ursinus) are sympatric with CSL, and copulation between these species has been observed; yet, there are no reports of urogenital carcinoma in NFS.

Phylogenomic characterization of California sea lion adenovirus-1.

Significant adenoviral diversity has been found in humans, but in domestic and wild animals the number of identified viruses is lower. Here we present the complete genome of a recently discovered mastadenovirus, California sea lion adenovirus 1 (CSLAdV-1) isolated from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), an important pathogen associated with hepatitis in pinnipeds. The genome of this virus has the typical mastadenoviral structure with some notable differences at the carboxy-terminal end, including a dUTPase that does not cluster with other mastadenoviral dUTPases, and a fiber that shows similarity to a trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi and choline-binding protein A (CbpA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A novel gammaherpesvirus in a large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) with blepharitis.

A novel gammaherpesvirus was identified in a large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) with conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and meibomianitis by nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of 472 base pairs of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene were used to identify a novel herpesvirus. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses indicated that the virus is a member of the genus Percavirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae.

Marine mammal zoonoses: a review of disease manifestations.

Marine mammals evoke strong public affection as well as considerable scientific interest. However, the resultant close contact with marine wildlife poses human health risks, including traumatic injury and zoonotic disease transmission. The majority of zoonotic marine mammal diseases result in localized skin infections in man that resolve spontaneously or with appropriate medical therapy.