Acquiring complex concepts through classification versus observation.

We report six experiments that examine how two essential components of a category-learning paradigm, training and feedback, can be manipulated to maximize learning and transfer of real-world, complex concepts. Some subjects learned through classification and were asked to classify hypothetical experiment scenarios as either true or non-true experiments; others learned through observation, wherein these same scenarios were presented along with the corresponding category label. Additionally, some subjects were presented correct-answer feedback (the category label), whereas others were presented explanation feedback (the correct answer and a detailed explanation).

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for CTLA-4 insufficiency across Europe: A European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Inborn Errors Working Party study.

Background: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) insufficiency causes a primary immune regulatory disorder characterized by lymphoproliferation, dysgammaglobulinemia, and multiorgan autoimmunity including cytopenias and colitis.

Objective: We examined the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for CTLA-4 insufficiency and study the impact of pre-HSCT CTLA-4 fusion protein (CTLA-4-Ig) therapy and pre-HSCT immune dysregulation on survival and immunologic outcome.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of HSCT for CTLA-4 insufficiency and 2q33.

Subjective Understanding is Reduced by Mechanistic Framing.

People often believe that they have a good understanding of how devices work (e.g., how a ballpoint pen works), despite having poor knowledge of their internal mechanics.

Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Memory CD45RO Donor Lymphocyte Infusion in Pediatric Recipients after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Memory T selected cells (CD45RA/RO) as donor lymphocyte infusion are less capable of producing alloreactivity and graft versus host disease (GvHD) compared with naïve T cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-dose memory (CD45RA/RO) donor lymphocyte infusion (mDLI) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Indications for mDLI were "as needed" and "as prophylactic regimen.

The effects of explicit reasoning on moral judgements.

We report four experiments that investigate explicit reasoning and moral judgements. In each experiment, some subjects responded to the "footbridge" version of the trolley problem (which elicits stronger moral intuitions), whereas others responded to the "switch" version (which elicits weaker moral intuitions). Experiments 1-2 crossed the type of trolley problem with four reasoning conditions: control, counter-attitudinal, pro-attitudinal, and mixed reasoning (both types of reasoning).

The effects of retrieval versus study on analogical problem solving.

We report four experiments, wherein subjects engaged in either problem-solving practice or example study. First, subjects studied an example problem. Subjects in the example study condition then studied two more analogous problems, whereas subjects in the problem-solving practice conditions solved two such problems, each followed by correct-answer feedback.

Resetting Prices: Estimating the Effect of Tuition Reset Policies on Institutional Finances and Enrollment.

Private nonprofit colleges are increasingly using tuition resets, or a decrease in sticker price by at least 5%, to attract new students and counter declining demand. While discounting tuition with institutional aid is a common practice to get accepted students to matriculate and to increase affordability, a tuition reset is a more transparent approach that moves colleges away from a high aid/high tuition model. The authors find minimal evidence that these policies increase student enrollment in the long run, but that there may be short-term impacts.

The effects of testing the relationships among relational concepts.

Many concepts are defined by their relationships to one another. However, instructors might teach these concepts individually, neglecting their interconnections. For instance, students learning about statistical power might learn how to define alpha and beta, but not how they are related.

ILC precursors differentiate into metabolically distinct ILC1-like cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) regulate tissue homeostasis, protect against pathogens at mucosal surfaces, and are key players at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. How ILCs adapt their phenotype and function to environmental cues within tissues remains to be fully understood. Here, we show that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection alters the phenotype and function of lung IL-18Rα ILC toward a protective interferon-γ-producing ILC1-like population.

A Pulmonary Strain Induces Th17 and RORγt Regulatory T Cells and Reduces Lung Inflammation in Tuberculosis.

The lungs harbor multiple resident microbial communities, otherwise known as the microbiota. There is an emerging interest in deciphering whether the pulmonary microbiota modulate local immunity, and whether this knowledge could shed light on mechanisms operating in the response to respiratory pathogens. In this study, we investigate the capacity of a pulmonary strain to modulate the lung T cell compartment and assess its prophylactic potential upon infection with , the etiological agent of tuberculosis.

Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Infusing Haploidentical K562-mb15-41BBL-Activated and Expanded Natural Killer Cells as Consolidation Therapy for Pediatric Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia.

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for approximately 20% of pediatric leukemia cases; 30% of these patients experience relapse. The antileukemia properties of natural killer (NK) cells and their safety profile have been reported in AML therapy. We proposed a phase 2, open, prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized clinical trial for the adoptive infusion of haploidentical K562-mb15-41BBL-activated and expanded NK (NKAE) cells as a consolidation strategy for children with favorable and intermediate risk AML in first complete remission after chemotherapy (NCT02763475).

Host-Derived Lipids from Tuberculous Pleurisy Impair Macrophage Microbicidal-Associated Metabolic Activity.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) regulates the macrophage metabolic state to thrive in the host, yet the responsible mechanisms remain elusive. Macrophage activation toward the microbicidal (M1) program depends on the HIF-1α-mediated metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) toward glycolysis. Here, we ask whether a tuberculosis (TB) microenvironment changes the M1 macrophage metabolic state.

The effects of immediate versus delayed feedback on complex concept learning.

We report three experiments that examine whether immediate versus delayed feedback produce differential concept learning. Subjects were shown hypothetical experiment scenarios and were asked to determine whether each was a true experiment. Correct-answer feedback was used for all three experiments; Experiments 2 and 3 also included detailed explanations.

Synthesis of Deoxyradicinin, an Inhibitor of and , a Culturable Surrogate for Liberibacter asiaticus.

Pierce's disease of grapevine and citrus huanglongbing are caused by the bacterial pathogens and Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), respectively. Both pathogens reside within the plant vascular system, occluding water and nutrient transport, leading to a decrease in productivity and fruit marketability and ultimately death of their hosts. Field observations of apparently healthy plants in disease-affected vineyards and groves led to the hypothesis that natural products from endophytes may inhibit these bacterial pathogens.

Facilitating transfer through incorrect examples and explanatory feedback.

This article examines whether studying correct versus incorrect examples produces differential learning. A prediction that follows from behaviourism is that learning should be best from studying correct examples. A contrasting prediction is that incorrect examples can highlight a concept's properties that are missing in the example, and thereby enable concept learning.

Possible role of highly activated mucosal NK cells against viral respiratory infections in children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Infection is the leading cause of non-relapse-related mortality after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Altered functions of immune cells in nasal secretions may influence post HSCT susceptibility to viral respiratory infections. In this prospective study, we determined T and NK cell numbers together with NK activation status in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) in HSCT recipients and healthy controls using multiparametric flow cytometry.

The effects of early schema acquisition on mathematical problem solving.

The current paper explores the effects of providing people with schema training at the outset of learning (compared to at later stages) on mathematical word problems modeled after problems from the Graduate Record Examination. Additionally, the ratio of worked examples to problem-solving practice was manipulated. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions and were tested on near and far transfer problems.

The Host Microbiota Contributes to Early Protection Against Lung Colonization by .

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the airborne bacterial pathogen , remains a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. So far, the study of host-pathogen interactions in TB has mostly focused on the physiology and virulence of the pathogen, as well as, on the various innate and adaptive immune compartments of the host. Microbial organisms endogenous to our body, the so-called microbiota, interact not only with invading pathogens, but also with our immune system.

Learning relational concepts from within- versus between-category comparisons.

This article examines relational category learning in light of 2 influential theories of concept acquisition: the structure-mapping theory of analogy and theories of feature-based category learning. According to current theories of analogy, comparing 2 instances of a relational concept enables alignment of their elements and reveals their shared relational structure. Therefore, learning relationally defined categories should be faster when comparing items of the same category than when comparing items of different categories.

Hypercorrection of high-confidence errors in the classroom.

People often have erroneous knowledge about the world that is firmly entrenched in memory and endorsed with high confidence. Although strong errors in memory would seem difficult to "un-learn," evidence suggests that errors are more likely to be corrected through feedback when they are originally endorsed with high confidence compared to low confidence. This hypercorrection effect has been predominantly studied in laboratory settings with general knowledge (i.

How do we manufacture clinical-grade interleukin-15-stimulated natural killer cell products for cancer treatment?

Background: Cancer immunotherapy involving natural killer (NK) cells has gained interest. Here we report two methods to obtain interleukin (IL)-15-activated NK cells for clinical use.

Study Design And Methods: IL-15-activated NK cell products were obtained after 1) enrichment from healthy haploidentical donors' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) collected by nonmobilized apheresis by a two-step magnetic procedure, depletion of CD3+ cells followed by selection of CD56+ cells and ex vivo overnight stimulation with IL-15 (NKIL15); and 2) expansion using the K562-mb15-41BBL cell line (NKAE), from autologous PBMNCs from patients with multiple myeloma or expansion from healthy haploidentical PBMNCs obtained from whole blood using the same previous cell line.

Haploidentical IL-15/41BBL activated and expanded natural killer cell infusion therapy after salvage chemotherapy in children with relapsed and refractory leukemia.

Unlabelled: Primary refractory or relapsed pediatric leukemia yield significant morbidity and mortality, with long-term survival rates <40%. Here we present a post-hoc analysis assessing safety and efficacy of infusing activated and expanded Natural Killer cells (NKAE) from haploidentical donors in patients from 2 clinical trials. In total, 18 children, adolescents and young adults with relapse or refractory acute leukemia were treated with two cycles of rescue chemotherapy followed by fresh NKAE cells infusions and low doses of IL-2.