Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency and Growth Rates in Soil: Global Patterns and Drivers.

Carbon use efficiency (CUE) of microbial communities in soil quantifies the proportion of organic carbon (C) taken up by microorganisms that is allocated to growing microbial biomass as well as used for reparation of cell components. This C amount in microbial biomass is subsequently involved in microbial turnover, partly leading to microbial necromass formation, which can be further stabilized in soil. To unravel the underlying regulatory factors and spatial patterns of CUE on a large scale and across biomes (forests, grasslands, croplands), we evaluated 670 individual CUE data obtained by three commonly used approaches: (i) tracing of a substrate C by C (or C) incorporation into microbial biomass and respired CO (hereafter C-substrate), (ii) incorporation of O from water into DNA (O-water), and (iii) stoichiometric modelling based on the activities of enzymes responsible for C and nitrogen (N) cycles.

Do wood-boring beetles influence the flammability of deadwood?

Global warming increases the risk of wildfire and insect outbreaks, potentially reducing the carbon storage function of coarse woody debris (CWD). There is an increasing focus on the interactive effects of wildfire and insect infestation on forest carbon, but the impact of wood-boring beetle tunnels via their effect on the flammability of deadwood remains unexplored. We hypothesized that the presence of beetle holes, at natural densities, can affect its flammability positively through increased surface area and enhanced oxygen availability in the wood.

Flexible or fortified? How lichens balance defence strategies across climatic harshness gradients.

Lichens play important roles in habitat formation and community succession in polar and alpine ecosystems. Despite their significance, the ecological effects of lichen traits remain poorly researched. We propose a trait trade-off for managing light exposure based on climatic harshness.

Sustained treatment-free remission in two chronic myeloid leukemia patients after asciminib discontinuation: a report of two cases.

Selected chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients may discontinue their tyrosine kinase inihibitor (TKI) in an attempt to achieve sustained treatment-free remission (TFR), which mitigates therapy-related side effects and limits treatment costs. TFR has been extensively studied following the discontinuation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - competitive TKI. However, there is minimal data concerning TFR after the discontinuation of the novel TKI asciminib.

Environmental enrichment affects immunity and reduces disease severity in pigs after co-infection, with stronger effects when applied from birth than from weaning.

We investigated whether environmental enrichment applied at different life stages of pigs affects the susceptibility to and severity of disease by studying immune cell functions around weaning and during nursery, the effects of infection in models and using a co-infection model of (PRRSV) followed by an infection. Pigs were either conventionally housed (CCH) or enriched housed throughout life, with enrichment consisting of extra space, rooting materials and co-mingling with another litter before weaning (EEH), or they were switched from conventional to enriched housing at weaning (CEH). Sixty days after birth, ten pigs per treatment were infected with PRRSV followed by an infection eight days later.

Time-restricted versus standard-duration immunosuppression after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Results of the prospective randomized HOVON-96 trial.

Cyclosporine A combined with mycophenolate mofetil (CsA/MMF) has become an established regimen for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following non-myeloablative (NMA) allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). However, the optimal duration of immunosuppression (IS) has not yet been defined and overtreatment is of concern. We hypothesized that time-restricted IS with CsA/MMF would increase the proportion of patients with non-severe GVHD compared to standard-duration IS, thereby resulting in reduction of the relapse rate and improvement of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Loss of taxonomic and functional diversity and decrease in primary productivity with nitrogen enrichment after a long-term release from grazing in an alpine grassland.

Moderate grazing can sustain high species diversity and productivity. However, nitrogen enrichment often reduces species richness while promoting primary productivity, which contradicts the traditional understanding of the positive effect of plant diversity on productivity. Whether the responses of diversity and productivity to N enrichment on a long-term scale conform to those on short-term scale.

Seasonally Changing Interactions of Species Traits of Termites and Trees Promote Complementarity in Coarse Wood Decomposition.

Complementary resource use by functionally different species may accelerate ecosystem processes. However, how co-variation in plant traits and animal traits promotes complementarity through temporal plant-animal interactions is poorly understood, even less so in detrital systems, thereby hampering our fundamental understanding of decomposition and carbon turnover. We hypothesised that, in seasonal subtropical forests where termites are major deadwood decomposers, trait complementarity of both termite species and tree species should promote overall deadwood decomposition through different seasons and years.

Helical polyamines.

Polymer microstructures rely on tacticity, yet exploration in polyamines has focused predominantly on atactic polymers. We introduce a method to synthesize a diverse library of and -cyanobenzenesulfonyl-activated-methyl aziridines using , , and racemic alaninol. Living anionic ring-opening polymerization of racemic sulfonyl aziridines yields soluble polymers, while enantiomerically-pure sulfonyl aziridines follow a dispersion polymerization with complete monomer conversion giving access to stereoblock copolymers.

Externally Controlled Studies Using Real-World Data in Patients With Hematological Cancers: A Systematic Review.

Importance: The use of real-world data (RWD) external control arms in prospective studies is increasing. The advantages, including the immediate availability of a control population, must be balanced with the requirements of meeting evidentiary standards.

Objective: To address the question of whether and to what extent the methods of RWD studies compare to standard methods used in randomized clinical trials.

Hematopoietic cell transplantation for older acute myeloid leukemia patients in first complete remission: results of a randomized phase III study.

Given the selection of elderly patients with AML in first complete remission (CR1) the advantage of consolidation with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) over chemotherapy is still unclear. Newly diagnosed AML patients in CR1 aged 60-75 years were registered and a donor search initiated. After one consolidation cycle, patients with a matched donor were randomized to HCT with fludarabine/low-dose total body irradiation and cyclosporine/mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression or conventional non-HCT.

Impact of the Type of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (imatinib or dasatinib) Used Before allo-HCT on Outcome of Patients with Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. A Study on Behalf of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT.

The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) during induction and consolidation, followed by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), is a standard of care for patients with Philadelphia (Ph)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The goal of this study was to compare results of allo-HCT according to the type of TKI used pre-transplant, either imatinib, dasatinib or both. This was a retrospective, registry-based analysis including adult patients with Ph-positive ALL treated with allo-HCT between years 2010-2022.

Prediction of sustained remission after tyrosine kinase inhibitor discontinuation with BCR::ABL1 digital PCR in chronic myeloid leukemia patients.

Precise and reliable predictive parameters to accurately identify chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients who can successfully discontinue their tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment are lacking. One promising parameter is depth of molecular response measured by BCR::ABL1 digital PCR (dPCR). The aim of this study was to validate a previously described prediction cutoff of 0.

Benefits and risks of clofarabine in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia investigated in depth by multi-state modeling.

Background: We recently reported results of the prospective, open-label HOVON-100 trial in 334 adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) randomized to first-line treatment with or without clofarabine (CLO). No improvement of event-free survival (EFS) was observed, while a higher proportion of patients receiving CLO obtained minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity.

Aim: In order to investigate the effects of CLO in more depth, two multi-state models were developed to identify why CLO did not show a long-term survival benefit despite more MRD-negativity.

Environmental drivers of increased ecosystem respiration in a warming tundra.

Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems are large reservoirs of organic carbon. Climate warming may stimulate ecosystem respiration and release carbon into the atmosphere. The magnitude and persistency of this stimulation and the environmental mechanisms that drive its variation remain uncertain.

Intra/inter-observer reliability of cystoscopic sphincter evaluation in men undergoing sling surgery.

Objectives: To assess the intra/inter-observer reliability of cystoscopic sphincter evaluation (CSE) in men undergoing sling surgery for urinary incontinence and if possible to evaluate its correlation with the final clinical decision.

Patients And Methods: Two expert urologists prospectively filmed and recorded, incontinent patient's cystoscopies according to a standard scenario. Anonymised recordings where randomly offered to the same observer twice.

Effects of lianas on forest biogeochemistry during their lives and afterlives.

Climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances are increasing liana abundance and biomass in many tropical and subtropical forests. While the effects of living lianas on species diversity, ecosystem carbon, and nutrient dynamics are receiving increasing attention, the role of dead lianas in forest ecosystems has been little studied and is poorly understood. Trees and lianas coexist as the major woody components of forests worldwide, but they have very different ecological strategies, with lianas relying on trees for mechanical support.