Diagnostic Power and Reproducibility of Objective Perimetry in Glaucoma.

Prcis: An objective perimetry method provides four 30-2 style reports in 8 minutes. These comprise sensitivity and delay reports for both eyes. A combined report format shows comparable diagnostic power to 2 forms of automated perimetry.

Visual Field Tests: A Narrative Review of Different Perimetric Methods.

Visual field (VF) testing dates back to fifth century B.C. It plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of retinal and neurological diseases.

The structure-function relationship between multifocal pupil perimetry and retinal nerve fibre layer in glaucoma.

Background: Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) is a novel method for assessing functional change in diseases like glaucoma. Previous research has suggested that, in contrast to the pretectally-mediated melanopsin response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, mfPOP responses to transient onset stimuli involve the extrastriate cortex, and thus the main visual pathway. We therefore investigate the correlation between peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness and glaucomatous visual field changes detected using mfPOP.

Comparing 2-dimensional macular pigment optical density with objective and subjective perimetry and visual acuity in age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To compare diagnostic power for different severities of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of two-dimensional macular pigment optical densities (2D-MPOD) and spatially matched objective perimetry, with standard perimetry and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).

Methods: The ObjectiveField Analyser (OFA) provided objective perimetry, and a Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) measured 2D-MPOD in AMD patients, both completed twice over 0.99 ± 0.

Discriminating early-stage diabetic retinopathy with subjective and objective perimetry.

Introduction: To prevent progression of early-stage diabetic retinopathy, we need functional tests that can distinguish multiple levels of neural damage before classical vasculopathy. To that end, we compared multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP), and two types of subjective automated perimetry (SAP), in persons with type 2 diabetes (PwT2D) with either no retinopathy (noDR) or mild to-moderate non-proliferative retinopathy (mmDR).

Methods: Both eyes were assessed by two mfPOP test methods that present stimuli within either the central ±15° (OFA15) or ±30° (OFA30), each producing per-region sensitivities and response delays.

Objective perimetry identifies regional functional progression and recovery in mild Diabetic Macular Oedema.

Purpose: Retinal function beyond foveal vision is not routinely examined in the clinical screening and management of diabetic retinopathy although growing evidence suggests it may precede structural changes. In this study we compare optical coherence tomography (OCT) based macular structure with function measured objectively with the ObjectiveFIELD Analyzer (OFA), and with Matrix perimetry. We did that longitudinally in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with mild Diabetic Macular Oedema (DMO) with good vision and a similar number of T2D patients without DMO, to evaluate changes in retinal function more peripherally over the natural course of retinopathy.

Objective perimetry and progression of multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: We re-examined the per-region response amplitudes and delays obtained from multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) after 10 years in 44 persons living with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), both to examine which parts of the visual field had progressed in terms of response properties and to examine if the baseline data could predict the overall progression of disease.

Methods: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were assessed in 2009 and 2019. Both eyes of each participant were concurrently tested at 44 locations/eye on both occasions.

Rapid Objective Testing of Visual Function Matched to the ETDRS Grid and Its Diagnostic Power in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To study the power of an 80-second multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) test tailored to the ETDRS grid to diagnose age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) severity grade.

Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic technology.

Methods: We compared diagnostic power of acuity, ETDRS grid retinal thickness data, new 80-second M18 mfPOP test, and two wider-field 6-minute mfPOP tests (Macular-P131, Widefield-P129).

Rapid, non-contact multifocal visual assessment in multiple sclerosis.

Objective: Previous work on temporally sparse multifocal methods suggests that the results are correlated with disability and progression in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Here, we assess the diagnostic power of three cortically mediated sparse multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) methods that quantified response-delay and light-sensitivity at up to 44 regions of both visual fields concurrently.

Methods: One high-spatial-resolution mfPOP method, P129, and two rapid medium-resolution methods, W12 and W20, were tested on 44 PwMS and controls.

Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry for assessment of early diabetic retinopathy and generalised diabetes-related tissue injury in persons with type 1 diabetes.

Background: To examine the potential utility of five multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) protocols, in the assessment of early diabetic retinopathy (DR) and generalised diabetes-related tissue injury in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: Twenty-five T1D subjects (age 41.8 ± 12.

Response characteristics of objective perimetry in persons living with epilepsy.

Purpose: To investigate safety and visual-field changes in people with epilepsy undergoing multifocal Pupillographic Objective Perimetry (mfPOP).

Methods: 15 people with epilepsy and 15 controls underwent mfPOP in the context of routine clinical EEG testing. Safety measures comprised the proportion of participants developing an aura or seizure, a photoparoxysmal response, or increased epileptiform activity on their EEG during mfPOP.

Clustered Volleys Stimulus Presentation for Multifocal Objective Perimetry.

Purpose: Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) is being developed as an alternative to subjective threshold perimetry for the management of visual and neurological disorders. Here, we evaluate, in normal subjects, differences in signal quality between the original mfPOP method of spatially sparse Continuous stimulus presentation and the new Clustered Volleys (CVs) method. We hypothesized that the CVs method would lead to increased signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) over the original method due to the stabilization of gain within the pupillary system.

An Objective Perimetry Study of Central Versus Peripheral Sensitivities and Delays in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare central versus peripheral retinal sensitivities and delays in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP).

Methods: We recruited 18 patients with nAMD and commenced Pro re nata intravitreal anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection. We compared macular (±15 degrees) and wide-field (±30 degrees) mfPOP variants.

Comparing Objective Perimetry, Matrix Perimetry, and Regional Retinal Thickness in Mild Diabetic Macular Edema.

Purpose: To compare per-region macular sensitivity and delay from objective perimetry with Matrix perimetry and retinal thickness in mild diabetic macular edema (DMO).

Methods: Thirty-three patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) aged 59.2 ± 10.

Assessing migraine patients with multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry.

Background: To establish the effects of stimulating intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) on migraine severity, and to determine if migraine produces objectively-measured visual field defects.

Methods: A randomized, open labelled, crossover study tested migraineurs and normal controls using multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) with 44 test-regions/eye. A slow blue protocol (BP) stimulated ipRGCs, and a fast yellow protocol (YP) stimulated luminance channels.

Recovery dynamics of multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry from tropicamide dilation.

Purpose: To study the pupillary system by combining mydriasis and multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP). In particular, we explored how the dynamics of recovery differ for concurrently measured direct and consensual sensitivity, response delay, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for binocular mydriasis.

Methods: We recruited 26 normal participants, all with brown irides.

Localization of Neuronal Gain Control in the Pupillary Response.

Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) is being developed as an alternative to standard visual perimetry. In mfPOP, pupil responses to sparse multifocal luminance stimuli are extracted from the overall composite response. These individual test-region responses are subject to gain-control which is dependent on the temporal and spatial density of stimuli.

Retinotopic effects of visual attention revealed by dichoptic multifocal pupillography.

Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) has recently been shown to be able to measure cortical function. Here we assessed 44 regions of the central 60 degrees of the visual fields of each eye concurrently in 7 minutes/test. We examined how foveally- and peripherally-directed attention changed response sensitivity and delay across the 44 visual field locations/eye.

Comparing multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) and multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP) in retinal diseases.

Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) shows regions of slight hypersensitivity away from retinal regions damaged by diabetes or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study examines if such results also appear in multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEPs) recorded on the same day in the same patients. The pupil control system receives input from the extra-striate cortex, so we also examined evidence for such input.

Blue Multifocal Pupillographic Objective Perimetry in Glaucoma.

Purpose: This study investigated multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) stimuli that target the intrinsic photosensitivity of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. The diagnostic potential for glaucoma is compared between stimuli biased toward either cone input to these cells or their melanopsin response.

Methods: Nineteen glaucoma patients and 24 normal subjects were tested using mfPOP stimulus protocols with either 33-ms yellow or 750-ms blue stimuli.

Multifocal pupillography in early age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To investigate the potential of multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry to assess changes in retinal function with clinical severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Pupil responses were recorded from 40 subjects with AMD and 23 normal control subjects (mean ± SD age, 71.3 ± 5.

Luminance and colour variant pupil perimetry in glaucoma.

Background: This study investigated the diagnostic utility for glaucoma of multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry stimuli targeting different components of the pupillary response: cortically derived colour responses and subcortical luminance responses.

Design: Observational cross-sectional study undertaken at the Australian National University.

Participants: Thirty-five eyes of 24 glaucoma subjects and 46 eyes of 23 normal subjects.

The pupillary response to color and luminance variant multifocal stimuli.

Purpose: We are developing multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) to assess localized changes in function within visual pathways. In this study, we investigate novel mfPOP stimuli designed to target neural components from either or both the sub-cortical pupillary luminance response and the cortically driven color response.

Methods: Pupillary responses of 12 subjects were recorded to eight mfPOP stimulus variants (protocols).

High- versus low-density multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry in glaucoma.

Background: Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry was compared using 24 and 44 regions per visual field.

Design: Experimental design in a university setting.

Participants: Twenty-seven normal control and 36 age-matched glaucoma patients.