How lasting are the effects of pesticides on earwigs? A study based on energy metabolism, body weight and morphometry in two generations of Forficula auricularia from apple orchards.

Widespread use of pesticides to control pests is the dominant system in conventional apple orchards. To avoid adverse side effects, there is a growing interest in promoting alternative methods including biological control based on the use of natural enemies. The European earwig Forficula auricularia L.

Elucidating pesticide sensitivity of two endogeic earthworm species through the interplay between esterases and glutathione S-transferases.

Earthworms are common organisms in soil toxicity-testing framework, and endogeic species are currently recommended due to their ecological role in agroecosystem. However, little is known on their pesticide metabolic capacities. We firstly compared the baseline activity of B-esterases and glutathione-S-transferase in Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea caliginosa.

Response to Comment on "Oxytocin-mediated GABA inhibition during delivery attenuates autism pathogenesis in rodent offspring".

Bambini-Junior et al. questioned whether our treatment in two rodent models of autism has a long-lasting effect into adulthood. In response, we show that bumetanide treatment around delivery attenuates autistic behavioral features in adult offspring.

Oxytocin-mediated GABA inhibition during delivery attenuates autism pathogenesis in rodent offspring.

We report that the oxytocin-mediated neuroprotective γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) excitatory-inhibitory shift during delivery is abolished in the valproate and fragile X rodent models of autism. During delivery and subsequently, hippocampal neurons in these models have elevated intracellular chloride levels, increased excitatory GABA, enhanced glutamatergic activity, and elevated gamma oscillations. Maternal pretreatment with bumetanide restored in offspring control electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes.