Developmental changes in the visual, haptic, and bimodal perception of geometric angles.

Geometrical knowledge is typically taught to children through a combination of vision and repetitive drawing (i.e. haptics), yet our understanding of how different spatial senses contribute to geometric perception during childhood is poor.

Children's spatial-numerical associations on horizontal, vertical, and sagittal axes.

There is substantial evidence linking numerical magnitude to the physical properties of space. The most influential support for this connection comes from the SNARC effect (spatial-numerical association of response codes), in which responses to small/large numbers are faster on the left/right side of space, respectively. The SNARC effect has been extensively replicated, and is understood as horizontal mapping of numerical magnitude.

How many apples make a quarter? The challenge of discrete proportional formats.

Proportional judgments are easier for children in continuous formats rather than discretized ones (e.g., liquid in a beaker vs.

Move to learn: Integrating spatial information from multiple viewpoints.

Recalling a spatial layout from multiple orientations - spatial flexibility - is challenging, even when the global configuration can be viewed from a single vantage point, but more so when it must be viewed piecemeal. In the current study, we examined whether experiencing the transition between multiple viewpoints enhances spatial memory and flexible recall for a spatial configuration viewed simultaneously (Exp. 1) and sequentially (Exp.

Multiple views of space: Continuous visual flow enhances small-scale spatial learning.

In the real word, we perceive our environment as a series of static and dynamic views, with viewpoint transitions providing a natural link from one static view to the next. The current research examined if experiencing such transitions is fundamental to learning the spatial layout of small-scale displays. In Experiment 1, participants viewed a tabletop array from 4 orientations in 1 of 3 conditions.

Sex differences and errors in the use of terrain slope for navigation.

Unlike most of the spatial cues that have received attention, a sloping terrain can be perceived by multimodal sensory inputs (vision, balance, and kinesthesia), making it potentially very salient for navigation. Furthermore, a homogeneous slope can be used like a compass to identify directions (e.g.