Latest advances in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps endotyping and biomarkers, and their significance for daily practice.

The term chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) comprises of an assortment of diseases that share a common feature: inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. The phenotype classification of CRS, based on the presence of polyps, has failed to offer a curative treatment for the disease, particularly in refractory cases. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains a challenging entity.

Targeting MAPK (p38, ERK, JNK) and inflammatory CK (GDF-15, GM-CSF) in UVB-Activated Human Skin Cells with Vitis vinifera Seed Extract.

Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK): p38, extracellular signal regulated (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal (JNK) kinases in human skin cells. Human keratinocytes (KC) exposed to UVB secrete several cytokines (CK), among which the growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is augmented in inflammatory and aging processes and the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, and both CK have implications in skin carcinogenesis. We assessed p38, ERK, JNK, GDF-15, and GM-CSF in UVB-exposed skin cells and a red grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract's (GSE) capacities to regulate these pathways in UVB-exposed KC.

Heterocycles 27. Microwave assisted synthesis and antitumour activity of novel phenothiazinyl-thiazolyl-hydrazine derivatives.

A series of new phenothiazinyl-thiazolyl-hydrazine derivatives were synthesized by Hantzsch cyclization of 1-(10-ethyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-methylidene-thiosemicarbazide with α-halocarbonyl derivatives. Comparison between classical and microwave assisted synthesis emphasizes the great advantages induced by microwaves irradiation which afforded high reaction yields in much shorter reaction time. Structural assignments were based on spectroscopic methods (high resolution NMR, FTIR, MS).