Tired and out of control? Effects of total and partial sleep deprivation on response inhibition under threat and no-threat conditions.

Study Objectives: Sleep deprivation may impair top-down inhibitory control over emotional responses (e.g., under threat).

Corticospinal excitability at rest outside of a task does not differ from task intertrial intervals in healthy adults.

Human corticospinal excitability (CSE) modulates during movement, when muscles are active, but also at rest, when muscles are not active. These changes in resting motor system excitability can be transient or longer lasting. Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies suggests even relatively short periods of motor learning on the order of minutes can have lasting effects on resting CSE.

Goal-directed action preparation in humans entails a mixture of corticospinal neural computations.

The seemingly effortless ability of humans to transition from thinking about actions to initiating them relies on sculpting corticospinal output from primary motor cortex. This study tested whether canonical additive and multiplicative neural computations, well-described in sensory systems, generalize to the corticospinal pathway during human action preparation. We used non-invasive brain stimulation to measure corticospinal input-output across varying action preparation contexts during instructed-delay finger response tasks.

Failures to launch preclude response inhibition.

Neural analyses of response inhibition rely on separating trials with and without a behavioral response. Can researchers be sure the absence of a behavioral outcome equates to the presence of inhibitory control? We emphasize advancing response inhibition research by utilizing peripheral measures of response progress to define behavioral stopping contrasts.

A global pause generates nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping.

Selective response inhibition may be required when stopping a part of a multicomponent action. A persistent response delay (stopping-interference effect) indicates nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping. This study aimed to elucidate whether nonselective response inhibition is the consequence of a global pause process during attentional capture or specific to a nonselective cancel process during selective stopping.

Comparing anticipatory and stop-signal response inhibition with a novel, open-source selective stopping toolbox.

Response inhibition is essential for terminating inappropriate actions and, in some cases, may be required selectively. Selective stopping can be investigated with multicomponent anticipatory or stop-signal response inhibition paradigms. Here we provide a freely available open-source Selective Stopping Toolbox (SeleST) to investigate selective stopping using either anticipatory or stop-signal task variants.

Proactive Interhemispheric Disinhibition Supports Response Preparation during Selective Stopping.

Response inhibition is essential for terminating inappropriate actions. A substantial response delay may occur in the nonstopped effector when only part of a multieffector action is terminated. This stopping-interference effect has been attributed to nonselective response inhibition processes and can be reduced with proactive cuing.

Stopping Interference in Response Inhibition: Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Selective Stopping.

Response inhibition is an essential aspect of cognitive control that is necessary for terminating inappropriate preplanned or ongoing responses. Response-selective stopping represents a complex form of response inhibition where only a subcomponent of a multicomponent action must be terminated. In this context, a substantial response delay emerges on unstopped effectors after the cued effector is successfully stopped.

Decoupling countermands nonselective response inhibition during selective stopping.

Response inhibition is essential for goal-directed behavior within dynamic environments. Selective stopping is a complex form of response inhibition where only part of a multieffector response must be cancelled. A substantial response delay emerges on unstopped effectors when a cued effector is successfully stopped.

OSARI, an Open-Source Anticipated Response Inhibition Task.

The stop-signal paradigm has become ubiquitous in investigations of inhibitory control. Tasks inspired by the paradigm, referred to as stop-signal tasks, require participants to make responses on go trials and to inhibit those responses when presented with a stop-signal on stop trials. Currently, the most popular version of the stop-signal task is the 'choice-reaction' variant, where participants make choice responses, but must inhibit those responses when presented with a stop-signal.

Between-hand coupling during response inhibition.

Response inhibition reflects the process of terminating inappropriate preplanned or ongoing movements. When one hand is cued to stop after preparing a bimanual response (Partial trial), there is a substantial delay on the responding side. This delay is termed the interference effect and identifies a constraint that limits selective response inhibition.