Does the Time of Drug Administration Alter the Metabolic Risk of Aripiprazole?

Antipsychotic drugs cause metabolic abnormalities through a mechanism that involves antagonism of D dopamine receptors (DR). Under healthy conditions, insulin release follows a circadian rhythm and is low at night, and in pancreatic beta-cells, DRs negatively regulate insulin release. Since they are sedating, many antipsychotics are dosed at night.

Hydroxamic acids (therapeutics and mechanism): chemistry, acyl nitroso, nitroxyl, reactive oxygen species, and cell signaling.

The hydroxamic acid functionality, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has received much attention in relation to its physiological properties. This review mainly deals with the chemistry, mechanism, cell signaling, therapeutic properties, clinical trials, and toxicity. The chemistry provides insight concerning the mechanism.

Integrated approach to the mechanisms of thyroid toxins: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, cell signaling, receptors, and antioxidants.

Although considerable numbers of reviews are available on toxicity of major body organs based on electron transfer (ET), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress (OS), the integrated concept has been less applied to glands. This review represents an interdisciplinary approach to thyroid toxicity, involving ET, ROS, OS, cell signaling, receptors, toxicants, and beneficial effects of antioxidants (AOs). The introductory portion includes general function of the thyroid as well as the mechanism of thyroxine synthesis entailing participation of oxidative events, including the role of iodine.