Recalling more each time: context change effects in hypermnesia.

Hypermnesia, the increase in recall over trials without relearning or re-exposure to the studied items, has intrigued researchers since Ballard first reported the effect in 1913. In the typical hypermnesia study, additional retrieval trials are unexpected, and when announced, may induce context changes that re-focuses attention and effort on retrieving unrecalled items. The present studies examined the effects of context change on retrieval by telling some participants prior to study (trials-known condition) that three trials will be given to recall line drawings (Experiment 1) or words (Experiment 2) whereas others were not so informed (hypermnesia condition).

The benefits of item-method-directed forgetting.

The present experiments examined the encoding and retrieval conditions in an item-method-directed forget (IMDF) study that included a novel control condition. In the IMDF condition, half of the items were followed by a remember cue whereas the other half were followed by a forget cue. In a remember-both control condition, half of the items were followed by an item identifier called Set A; whereas the other half of the items were followed by a Set B identifier.

Directed forgetting of emotionally toned items and mental health: a meta-analytic review.

Item- and list-method directed forgetting paradigms have been used to study forgetting of emotionally toned items in clinical and control group populations for several decades. Meta-analysis of item-method studies found that clinical populations retained more remember- than forget-cued items of each valence. These effects were comparable to that shown by control populations for positive and negative items, but less than that shown by controls on neutral items.

Exercise training and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Exercise is recommended for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but the most effective exercise prescription is unclear. This trial compared effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), continuous aerobic exercise training (CAET) and no-exercise control on reproductive, anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes in PCOS.

Design: Pilot randomized controlled trial.

Directed forgetting of emotionally valenced faces.

An item-method directed forgetting task was used in three studies to present photographs of happy, neutral and sad faces to participants who had been induced to adopt a happy, neutral or sad mood. At test remember, forget or new judgments of old and new photographs of happy, neutral or sad faces were collected. According to the affect-as-cognitive-feedback hypothesis positively valenced stimuli serve as 'go signals' validating the use of currently accessible cognitions to process task demands whereas negatively valenced stimuli serve as 'stop signals' inhibiting or reversing the use of those cognitions.

Anti-Mullerian hormone levels do not predict response to pulsatile GnRH in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Pulsatile GnRH is used to induce ovulation in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA), but tools to predict response are lacking. We assessed whether baseline AMH levels are associated with response to pulsatile GnRH in 16 women with HA. AMH levels were compared between non-responders and women who achieved follicular development or pregnancy.

Endocrine Aspects of 4H Leukodystrophy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Introduction. 4H leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive RNA polymerase III-related leukodystrophy, characterized by hypomyelination, with or without hypodontia (or other dental abnormalities) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Case Presentation.

Relationships between racial-ethnic identity, self-esteem and in-group attitudes among First Nation children.

Positive in-group distinctiveness has been associated with self-esteem increases among adolescents and adults. To examine whether in-group biases are associated with self-esteem enhancement among minority group children, Native Canadian children (N = 414, 209 female) age 6-11 completed each year for 5 years, measures assessing their level of concrete operational thought, racial-ethnic identity, racial-ethnic centrality, implicit and explicit self-esteem, and implicit and explicit in-group attitudes. According to cognitive developmental theory, increases in the level of concrete operational thought will predict increases in racial-ethnic identity, and increases in identity should, in turn, predict more favorable in-group attitudes.

Development of racial-ethnic identity among First Nation children.

Elements of racial-ethnic identity, often found among adolescents from racial-ethnic minority groups, have their origins in middle childhood and pre-adolescence. The present study explored the developmental trajectory of some of those components among Native Canadian children living on relatively remote First Nation communities. Children and young adolescents (N = 414,209 female) between the ages of 6-11 completed measures assessing their level of racial-ethnic identity, concrete operational thought, implicit and explicit self-esteem, implicit and explicit in-group attitudes, and the importance of their racial-ethnic identity each year for 5 years.

Directed forgetting of faces: the role of response criterion.

In two experiments, we examined recognition for faces following item method directed forgetting. During testing, participants reported whether the face was a new face or, if they thought it was a studied face, they identified the instruction paired with the face during study. In both experiments, the proportion of new faces falsely recognized and classified as forget faces exceeded those falsely recognized and classified as remember faces.

Polycystic ovary syndrome: validated questionnaire for use in diagnosis.

Objective: To construct and validate a questionnaire for use in diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Design: All participants completed a questionnaire, which asked clinical questions designed to assist in the diagnosis of PCOS, before their appointments with an endocrinologist. Following completion of the questionnaire, the endocrinologist (blinded to the answers) made or excluded a diagnosis of PCOS using clinical criteria and biochemical data as indicated.

Recognition of faces of ingroup and outgroup children and adults.

People are often more accurate in recognizing faces of ingroup members than in recognizing faces of outgroup members. Although own-group biases in face recognition are well established among adults, less attention has been given to such biases among children. This is surprising considering how often children give testimony in criminal and civil cases.

What children remember about ingroup and outgroup peers: effects of stereotypes on children's processing of information about group members.

Three studies are reported about children's memory for stereotypic behaviors attributed to ingroup and outgroup members. According to research and theory in social cognition, cues present in the situation make cultural representations about group members accessible, and once primed, influence all phases of the information processing sequence. In Study 1, Euro Canadian and Native Canadian children (N=98) recalled stereotypic behaviors attributed to ingroup and outgroup members.

Normal endothelial function despite insulin resistance in healthy women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.

Women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) carry a number of cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, and an altered pattern of sex steroid exposure. Noninvasive measurements of endothelial function, which can demonstrate abnormalities well in advance of clinically apparent disease, have not been previously reported in this patient group. We undertook a cross-sectional evaluation of endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular function using brachial artery ultrasound.

Hormonal side effects in women: typical versus atypical antipsychotic treatment.

Neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia can cause menstrual disorders, impaired fertility, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction, as well as hypoestrogenism secondary to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The development of the prolactin-sparing atypical antipsychotic drugs offers prevention and resolution of these adverse reactions. Thus far, this property of the new medications has received insufficient clinical attention.

Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome correlates with increased cardiovascular risk independent of obesity.

Objective: To assess the role of insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in determining cardiovascular risk among women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Design: Cross-sectional study examining the relationships between hyperinsulinemia, composite cardiovascular risk scores, and prevalence of individual risk factors among lean and obese women with PCOS and healthy controls.

Setting: University-based tertiary care outpatient endocrinology clinic.

Maintenance of serum calcium by parathyroid hormone-related peptide during lactation in a hypoparathyroid patient.

We describe the changes in calcium homeostasis seen in a hypoparathyroid woman during the third trimester and with lactation following her second pregnancy. During lactation her need for supplemental calcium and calcitriol abated, and in fact she was transiently hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic. This change was associated with a rise of serum parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) released systemically during lactation.

The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma.

Background: The wide availability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in the discovery of unsuspected endocrinologically silent pituitary masses (incidentalomas). Because the natural history of this entity is not known, the approach to the pituitary incidentaloma has not been established.

Objective: To determine the natural history of untreated pituitary incidentaloma, recognizing that this includes lesions of various causes.

Bedside assessment of skin-fold thickness. A useful measurement for distinguishing Cushing's disease from other causes of hirsutism and oligomenorrhea.

Background: The known catabolic effects of glucocorticoid excess on protein metabolism prompted us to devise a method to assess this measure in reproductive-aged females with Cushing's disease. Since collagen protein is a major component of skin, decreased abundance of this protein should cause a reduction in skin-fold thickness. To determine whether skin-fold thickness is useful as an added tool in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease, we compared this value in female patients with Cushing's disease with those who presented with a similar set of symptoms.

High-dose, short-term glucocorticoids for the treatment of infertility resulting from premature ovarian failure.

Objective: To evaluate prospectively the effects of high-dose, short-term treatment with a glucocorticoid in an attempt to normalize ovarian failure and induce pregnancy in women presenting with infertility.

Design: Uncontrolled, nonrandomized prospective study.

Setting: Two university-based reproductive endocrinology clinics.

The safety of physiological estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy and with oral contraceptive therapy in women with pathological hyperprolactinemia.

In summary, E- replacement therapy may be administered to women with E deficiency, despite the presence of pathological hyperprolactinemia, with apparently no adverse effect on the underlying disease process. The concern of induction of rapid growth of an underlying pituitary adenoma was not substantiated.

Recurrent hypoglycemia secondary to drug-dispensing error.

We present three patients who developed hypoglycemia due to inadvertent dispensing of sulfonylurea drugs. Each patient had a similar clinical course characterized by hypoglycemia that remitted during hospitalization and recurred after discharge. The cause of the hypoglycemia was determined only after close inspection of the patients' medications, not the label on the container.

Medical therapy for the syndrome of familial virilization, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans.

Unlabelled: In the syndrome of familial virilization, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans, the interrelationships are not understood. Twin sisters were studied, along with a lesser affected sister and mother. They manifested amenorrhea, hirsutism, masculinization, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperprolactinemia.