Accuracy of tooth color determination by dental students using daylight-calibrated dental operatory lighting sources.

Statement Of Problem: Lighting conditions are an essential factor for accurately determining tooth color. However, the ideal lighting conditions for determining tooth shade are rarely met and are difficult to quantify. While the use of a standardized daylight lamp D55 can improve accuracy, its high cost limits its use in dental offices.

Effect of grinding on the optical properties of monolithic zirconia.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the color infiltration in monolithic zirconia after grinding, which plays an essential role in the color stability of restorations after occlusal adjustment.

Methods: One hundred and eight white zirconia plates (36 Dentsply Sirona-Cercon high translucency [C], 36 Zirkonzahn-Prettau [P], 36 Zirkonzahn-Prettau anterior [Pa]) were stained by infiltration with target colors Vita A2, A3.5, and A4.

Effect of grinding adjustments on the color of monolithic zirconia.

Statement Of Problem: Monolithic zirconia restorations have become popular because of their excellent mechanical properties and acceptable esthetics. While the biomechanical properties of zirconia have been investigated, research into their esthetic properties is sparse. Zirconia can be colored by infiltration before sintering, although how occlusal adjustment can affect restoration color is unclear.

Color stability of individually stained monolithic zirconia following occlusal adjustment.

Objective: To meet esthetic requirements, monolithic zirconia can be stained by color-infiltration. However, adjustments of occlusal surfaces are often necessary, leading to demasking effects if too much of the color-infiltrated layer is removed. The effect of subsequent material removal on color stability of individually stained zirconia is analyzed here.

Laboratory and clinical reliability of two spectrophotometers.

Objective: To evaluate the repeatability, interexaminer, and interdevice reliability of two clinically applicable spectrophotometers under laboratory and clinical conditions.

Material And Methods: For the in vitro part of the study, measurements were performed by the use of Vita Easyshade Advance 4.0 (ES-A) and the Easyshade V (ES-V) at identical positions on different shade tabs (3D-Master; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany).

Effects of staining and polishing on different types of enamel surface sealants.

Objective: To assess surface discoloration of four enamel sealants based on different chemical compositions after exposure to artificial aging and staining solutions. Furthermore, their cleanability after polishing will be evaluated.

Materials And Methods: Selected sealants were a composite resin-based sealant with fillers (Pro Seal), a composite resin-based sealant without fillers (Light BondSealant), a resin-modified glass ionomer-based sealant (ClinproXT Varnish) and a silicon-based sealant (Protecto).

Evaluation of small-group education on the shade determination ability of preclinical dental students-A controlled clinical trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of small-group education including practical training on dental students' shade determination performance compared with a control group.

Methods: Sixty-three non-colour-blind preclinical students were asked to participate and belonged to an intervention (n = 31) and a control (n = 32) group, respectively. All students received a lecture on dental shade determination.

Changes of tooth color in middle and old age: A longitudinal study over a decade.

Objective: To evaluate changes in tooth color for 2 age cohorts (younger cohort, YC: 1950-1952; older cohort, OC: 1930-1932) over a mean observation period of 8 years.

Material And Methods: Sixty-one participants with 106 upper central incisors were subjected to baseline and follow-up examinations (YC: n = 46/OC: n = 15). International Commission on Illumination color coordinates of 1 or 2 unrestored test teeth for each participant were recorded by use of a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade 1) during both measurement times.

Electroplated telescopic retainers with zirconia primary crowns: 3-year results from a randomized clinical trial.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical outcome for electroplated telescopic removable dental prostheses (E-RDPs) with zirconia primary crowns.

Materials And Methods: Sixty E-RDPs, with primary crowns manufactured from either cobalt-chromium alloy or zirconia, were fabricated for 56 participants. Electroplating was used to produce gold copings directly on the telescopic primary crowns.

Effect of enamel sealants on tooth bleaching and on the color stability of the result.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of enamel sealants on bleaching of natural teeth by use of 40 % hydrogen peroxide in a dental surgery. The color stability of the results from bleaching was, furthermore, determined 10 months after the bleaching procedure. In a standardized setting, four sealants (Pro Seal, Light Bond™ Sealant, Protecto, and Clinpro™ XT Varnish) were applied to and removed from human teeth in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Poor dental hygiene and periodontal health in nursing home residents with dementia: an observational study.

Poor oral health conditions are well documented in the institutionalized elderly, but the literature is lacking research on relationships between dementia and periodontal health in nursing home residents. The purpose of this cohort study, therefore, was to assess whether dementia is associated with poor oral health/denture hygiene and an increased risk of periodontal disease in the institutionalized elderly. A total of 219 participants were assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) to determine cognitive state.

Comparison of the Easyshade Compact and Advance in vitro and in vivo.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the repeatability, inter-examiner and inter-device reliability, and accuracy of the new VITA Easyshade Advance (ES-A) spectrophotometer in comparison with the Easyshade Compact (ES-C).

Methods: For the in vitro study, six porcelain disks of random shade mixtures were fabricated from VITA ceramic powders. To analyze the repeatability of the ES-C and ES-A, readings were obtained by one examiner for one porcelain disk and one shade tab (VITA 3D-Master).

Determination of VITA Classical shades with the 3D-Master shade guide.

Objectives: Because of its good matching performance the VITA 3D-Master shade guide (3D) is frequently used for determination of tooth color. Numerous composites/ceramics are, however, available in VITA Classical (VC) shades only. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of performing a shade match with 3D Master and converting this result via a table in a VC shade (indirect method) without this resulting in an apparent inferior shade matching in comparison with direct shade matching with the VC.

Retrospective comparison of semipermanent and permanent cementation of implant-supported single crowns and FDPs with regard to the incidence of survival and complications.

Purpose: To retrospectively compare the fixation modalities semipermanent and permanent for all cemented single crowns and Fixed Dental Prostheses (FDPs) placed at the Department of Prosthodontics in the years 2002 to 2010 with regard to the incidence of survival and complications.

Materials And Methods: Two hundred forty-one patients (48.5% male, mean age 57.

Three-dimensional fit of CAD/CAM-made zirconia copings.

Objectives: CAD/CAM-technologies aim for a standardized, accurate production of dental restorations out of high strength materials (zirconia). The three-dimensional internal fit of CAD/CAM-manufactured zirconia copings was evaluated in vitro to verify the realizability of this aim.

Methods: The analysis was based on ceramic master dies of prepared teeth and corresponding virtual CAD surfaces.

Evaluation of two different approaches to learning shade matching in dentistry.

Statement Of The Problem: An important aspect of dental education is teaching and learning shade matching.

Objective: To assess the success of two different strategies for learning shade matching.

Materials And Methods: Seventy-one pre-clinical students (mean age 23; 33.

Analysis of quality and feasibility of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in preclinical dental education.

Introduction: An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been implemented in preclinical dentistry. It was taken at an early stage (propaedeutics course). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reliability, validity, and feasibility of the examination, and the effect of circuit number on OSCE score.

Estimating costs for shade matching and shade corrections of fixed partial dentures for dental technicians in Germany: a pilot investigation.

Aims: To evaluate the additional operating expenses caused by shade matching by dental technicians in the dental practice and by color changes of fixed partial dentures.

Methods: A questionnaire was handed out to visitors of the 2010 ADT dental technician congress in Germany. Thirty-one completed questionnaires were evaluated.

The linear shade guide design of Vita 3D-master performs as well as the original design of the Vita 3D-master.

Visual tooth colour assessment by use of the Vita 3D-Master(®) (3D; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) is well documented. To improve handling, a new linear arrangement of the shade tabs has been introduced (LG; Linearguide 3D-Master(®) ). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the linear design has an effect on shade matching.

Metameric effect between natural teeth and the shade tabs of a shade guide.

The objective of this study was to evaluate metameric effects, that is, the dependence of the colours of teeth and shade tabs on the illuminant used. The colours of 49 teeth of 37 participants and of the corresponding shade tabs of the 3D-Master (VITA Zahnfabrik; colour match DeltaE(ab)< 2) were measured using an intra-oral spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade). Spectral reflectance data (from 400 to 700 nm) were recorded.

Colour compatibility between teeth and dental shade guides in Quinquagenarians and Septuagenarians.

The aim of this investigation was to determine colour compatibility between dental shade guides, namely, VITA Classical (VC) and VITA 3D-Master (3D), and human teeth in quinquagenarians and septuagenarians. Tooth colour, described in terms of L*a*b* values of the middle third of facial tooth surface of 1391 teeth, was measured using VITA Easyshade in 195 subjects (48% female). These were compared with the colours (L*a*b* values) of the shade tabs of VC and 3D.

Does gender and experience influence shade matching quality?

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of gender and level of experience on shade matching quality.

Methods: A study was simultaneously performed at 15 universities located in 9 countries. A total of 614 color normal participants completed all phases of the experiment.

Effect of external light conditions during matching of tooth color: an intraindividual comparison.

The aim of this study was to investigate color matching under natural daylight and daylight lamp conditions. Twenty-nine preclinical students underwent a training course and then matched randomly chosen shade tabs of Vita 3D-Master Shade Guide under both natural daylight and daylight lamp conditions. Color difference (delta Eab) between presented and selected shade tabs was calculated.