Semaglutide-Associated Gastric Pneumatosis.

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus and more recently for weight loss, often causes gastrointestinal adverse effects such as delayed gastric emptying and abdominal discomfort. Current literature has not described an associated case of gastric pneumatosis with semaglutide use. We report a 61-year-old man on semaglutide for 9 months with gastric pneumatosis.

Use of an Ethinyl Estradiol/Etonogestrel Vaginal Ring Alters Vaginal Microbial Communities in Women with HIV.

Background: HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy (ART) alters hormonal contraceptive levels delivered via intravaginal ring (IVR) in a regimen specific manner. We explored the role of the IVR on vaginal microbial communities, vaginal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vaginal HIV shedding, and the effect of vaginal microbes on hormone concentrations in cisgender women with HIV (WWH).

Methods: Vaginal microbes were assessed by 16S RNA sequencing of weekly vaginal swabs, vaginal SCFA by mass spectrometry, HIV-1 shedding by nucleic acid amplification on vaginal aspirates, and bacterial vaginosis by Nugent scoring from 74 participants receiving an etonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol (ENG/EE) intravaginal ring while on no ART (N=25), efavirenz-based ART (N=25), or atazanavir-based ART (N=24).

Mouse innate resistance to infection is driven by early production of IFNγ by NK cells in response to parasite ligands.

Unlabelled: is capable of being transmitted by nearly all warm-blooded animals, and rodents are a major source of parasite dissemination, yet mechanisms driving its broad host range are poorly understood. Although a phylogenetically close relative of , differs from in that it does not infect mice and only infects a small number of ruminant and canine species. We recently showed that and grow similarly in mice during the first 24 h post-infection, but only induces an IFNγ-driven response within hours that controls the infection.

Effect of free liquid layer quantity on bacteria and protein adhesion to liquid infused polymers.

Liquid-infused polymers are recognized for their ability to repel foulants, making them promising for biomedical applications including catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). However, the impact of the quantity of free liquid layer covering the surface on protein and bacterial adhesion is not well understood. Here, we explore how the amount of free silicone liquid layer in infused silicone catheter materials influences the adhesion of bacteria and proteins relevant to CAUTIs.

Genome sequences of human anelloviruses in the , , and genera identified from the female genital tract.

We identified and characterized seven anellovirus genome sequences in the female genital tract through virome metagenomic sequencing of cervicovaginal lavage specimens from women living with HIV in Peru. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses indicate that they belong to three newly proposed , , and genera in the family.

Longitudinal cervicovaginal microbiome and virome alterations during ART and discordant shedding in women living with HIV.

Despite successful suppression of plasma HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy (ART), some women living with HIV (WLHIV) can still experience genital HIV shedding (discordant shedding). Female genital tract (FGT) microbiome and virome dynamics during long-term ART in WLHIV are poorly understood but might contribute to discordant HIV shedding, as the microbiome and virome are known to influence FGT health. To understand FGT microbial communities over time during ART usage and discordant shedding, we characterized the microbiome and virome in 125 cervicovaginal specimens collected over two years in 31 WLHIV in Lima, Peru.

Development and Validation of a Genotypic Assay to Quantify CXCR4- and CCR5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1) Populations and a Comparison to Trofile.

HIV-1 typically infects cells via the CD4 receptor and CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors. Maraviroc is a CCR5-specific viral entry inhibitor; knowledge of viral co-receptor specificity is important prior to usage. We developed and validated an economical V3- Illumina-based assay to detect and quantify the frequency of viruses utilizing each co-receptor.

Cholecystectomy clip-induced biliary stone: Case report and literature review.

Migration of cholecystectomy surgical clip into the common bile duct with subsequent stone formation is a rare phenomenon, one which may lead to complications including obstruction, pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. The mechanism of migration is largely unknown but may result from a combination of factors including necrosis, intra-abdominal pressure or poor surgical technique with migrated clip serving as a nidus for stone formation. We present a 55-year-old woman with clip-induced stone impacted at the distal common bile duct 12 years post-cholecystectomy and a review of the literature related to cholecystectomy clip stone formation.

Predictors of HIV rebound differ by timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation.

BACKGROUNDIdentifying factors that predict the timing of HIV rebound after treatment interruption will be crucial for designing and evaluating interventions for HIV remission.METHODSWe performed a broad evaluation of viral and immune factors that predict viral rebound (AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5345). Participants initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during chronic (N = 33) or early (N = 12) HIV infection with ≥ 2 years of suppressive ART and restarted ART if they had 2 viral loads ≥ 1,000 copies/mL after treatment interruption.

Association of Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibitor with Circumorificial Plasmacytosis.

Introduction: The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is considered one of the most important advances in cancer treatment. Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor against programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors that has demonstrated antineoplastic activity against various malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, and triple-negative breast cancer. Pembrolizumab is associated with numerous adverse reactions including mucosal and cutaneous reactions referred to as immune-related adverse events.

Viral Load Dynamics in Plasma and Semen When Antiretroviral Therapy Is Initiated During Early HIV-1 Infection.

We assessed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load in plasma and semen during primary HIV infection using serial samples of semen and plasma during the first 24 weeks after diagnosis in untreated participants and those who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately at diagnosis. In the absence of treatment, semen viral load was >1000 copies/mL in almost all specimens (83%) collected 2-10 weeks after the estimated date of HIV acquisition and remained >1000 copies/mL in 35% of untreated participants at the last observed time point. Thus, in the absence of ART, semen viral load remained at a level consistent with transmissibility throughout primary infection.

Removal of Free Liquid Layer from Liquid-Infused Catheters Reduces Silicone Loss into the Environment while Maintaining Adhesion Resistance.

Silicone urinary catheters infused with silicone liquid offer an effective alternative to antibiotic coatings, reducing microbial adhesion while decreasing bladder colonization and systemic dissemination. However, loss of free silicone liquid from the surface into the host system is undesirable. To reduce the potential for liquid loss, free silicone liquid was removed from the surface of liquid-infused catheters by either removing excess liquid from fully infused samples or by partial infusion.

Immune Status and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Dynamics.

Immunocompromised individuals are disproportionately affected by severe coronavirus disease 2019, but immune compromise is heterogenous, and viral dynamics may vary by the degree of immunosuppression. In this study, we categorized ACTIV-2/A5401 participants based on the extent of immunocompromise into none, mild, moderate, and severe immunocompromise. Moderate/severe immunocompromise was associated with higher nasal viral load at enrollment (adjusted difference in means: 0.

Association Between Anterior Nasal and Plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA Levels and Hospitalization or Death in Nonhospitalized Adults With Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19.

Background: There is little information regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA as a predictor for clinical outcomes in outpatients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: Anterior nasal (AN) and plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA data from 2115 nonhospitalized adults who received monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or placebo in the ACTIV-2/A5401 trial were analyzed for associations with hospitalization or death.

Results: One hundred two participants were hospitalized or died through 28 days of follow-up.

Cardiac Genetic Investigation of Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: A Study From Victims to Families.

Background Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of death up to age 1. Sudden unexplained death in childhood (SUDC) is similar but affects mostly toddlers aged 1 to 4. SUDC is rarer than SIDS, and although cardiogenetic testing (molecular autopsy) identifies an underlying cause in a fraction of SIDS, less is known about SUDC.

One Week of Oral Camostat Versus Placebo in Nonhospitalized Adults With Mild-to-Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Controlled Phase 2 Trial.

Background: Camostat inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in vitro. We studied the safety and efficacy of camostat in ACTIV-2/A5401, a phase 2/3 platform trial of therapeutics for COVID-19 in nonhospitalized adults.

Methods: We conducted a phase 2 study in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 randomized to oral camostat for 7 days or a pooled placebo arm.

Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is common and may result from persistent HIV replication in the central nervous system.

Methods: A5324 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 96-week trial of ART intensification with dolutegravir (DTG) + MVC, DTG + Placebo, or Dual - Placebo in PWH with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/mL on ART and NCI. The primary outcome was the change on the normalized total z score (ie, the mean of individual NC test z scores) at week 48.

Safety and Efficacy of Combined Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab Administered Intramuscularly or Intravenously in Nonhospitalized Patients With COVID-19: 2 Randomized Clinical Trials.

Importance: Development of effective, scalable therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 is a priority.

Objective: To test the efficacy of combined tixagevimab and cilgavimab monoclonal antibodies for early COVID-19 treatment.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Two phase 2 randomized blinded placebo-controlled clinical trials within the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV)-2/A5401 platform were performed at US ambulatory sites.

Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP and induces an unconventional T cell response to self.

The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we find that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an interferon γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD8 T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP-deficient cells.