Predictive Methods and Probabilistic Mapping of Subcortical Brain Components in Fossil Carnivora.

Paleoneurology reconstructs the evolutionary history of nervous systems through direct observations from the fossil record and comparative data from extant species. Although this approach can provide direct evidence of phylogenetic links among species, it is constrained by the availability and quality of data that can be gleaned from the fossil record. Here, we sought to translate brain component relationships in a sample of extant Carnivora to make inferences about brain structure in fossil species.

Examining clinicians' fatigue in a pediatric emergency department.

We examined fatigue among emergency department (ED) clinicians. ED clinicians are susceptible to burnout, because of fatigue. Fatigue represents a latent hazard in ED care, being associated with impaired clinician performance, poor patient outcomes, and a negative impact on patient safety.

What Motivates Older Sedentary People Living With HIV in the United States to Participate in an Exercise Trial? A Qualitative Study.

Although exercise supports the physical function and health of older people living with HIV (PLWH), less than half of PLWH globally achieve recommended levels of activity. A qualitative descriptive design was used to determine what motivates sedentary PLWH, 50 years and older, to participate in an exercise trial. Interviews were conducted with PLWH who participated in an exercise trial (n = 30) and PLWH who declined enrollment in the same exercise trial (n = 4).

Maintenance oral steroids are not required in severe asthma.

https://bit.ly/4cgrJEL.

Multidisciplinary methodologies used in the study of cable bacteria.

Cable bacteria are a unique type of filamentous microorganism, which can grow up to centimetres long and are capable of long-distance electron transport over their entire lengths. Due to their unique metabolism and conductive capacities, the study of cable bacteria has required technical innovations, both in adapting existing techniques and developing entirely new ones. This review discusses the existing methods used to study eight distinct aspects of cable bacteria research, including the challenges of culturing them in laboratory conditions, performing physical and biochemical extractions, and analysing the conductive mechanism.

Targeting human plasma cells using small molecule regulated BCMA CAR T cells eliminates circulating antibodies in humanized mice.

Pathogenic long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) secrete autoreactive antibodies, exacerbating autoimmune diseases and complicating solid organ transplantation. Targeted elimination of the autoreactive B-cell pool represents a promising therapeutic strategy, yet current treatment modalities fall short in depleting mature plasma cells. Here, we demonstrate that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, targeting BCMA utilizing a split-receptor design, offer a controlled and effective therapeutic strategy against LLPCs.

Establishing a national linked database for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in the UK: multi-method public and professional involvement to determine acceptability and feasibility.

Introduction: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is one of the leading non-genetic causes of developmental disability worldwide and is thought to be particularly common in the UK. Despite this, there is a lack of data on FASD in the UK.

Objective: To conduct public and professional involvement work to establish stakeholder views on the feasibility, acceptability, key purposes, and design of a national linked longitudinal research database for FASD in the UK.

Guideline concordant care for acute low back pain: A mixed-methods analysis of determinants of implementation.

Introduction: We conducted an explanatory, sequential mixed-methods study to measure variation in the use of imaging and physical therapy (PT) for acute low back pain (LBP) and to identify implementation determinants that might explain variation in use across 22 EDs and 27 urgent cares in urban and rural locations within a community-based health system.

Methods: We described the patient population and measured concordance with LBP guideline recommendations on imaging and PT referral from January-June 2023. We conducted key informant interviews with physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs), n = 30, from these 49 sites between July - September 2023 and performed content analysis to identify implementation determinants to guideline concordance.

An Interesting Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Postpartum Female With Recent COVID-19 Vaccination.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a life-threatening cryptogenic inflammatory process. In some cases, the etiology is obscure, while in others multiple potential etiologies may be present. Diagnosis relies on observed findings rather than context.

A unified-field theory of genome organization and gene regulation.

Our aim is to predict how often genic and non-genic promoters fire within a cell. We first review a parsimonious pan-genomic model for genome organization and gene regulation, where transcription rate is determined by proximity in 3D space of promoters to clusters containing appropriate factors and RNA polymerases. This model reconciles conflicting results indicating that regulatory mammalian networks are both simple (as over-expressing just 4 transcription factors switches cell state) and complex (as genome-wide association studies show phenotypes like cell type are determined by thousands of loci rarely encoding such factors).

Evaluation of an HIV-related Education Intervention Scale-up: A Hybrid Type 3 Effectiveness-implementation Study in the Dominican Republic.

We developed an infographic intervention to augment HIV-related education in the Dominican Republic (DR), which demonstrated preliminary success in pilot studies. We then partnered with the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) HIV Services and Systems Strengthening program in the DR to scale up the intervention. We used a two-tier Training-of-Trainer (TOT) method to teach intervention administration.

Aspergillus-mediated allergic airway inflammation is triggered by dendritic cell recognition of a defined spore morphotype.

Background: Exposure to fungi, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, can elicit potent allergic inflammation that triggers and worsens asthmatic disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate allergic inflammatory responses to allergic stimuli. However, it is unclear if Af spores during isotropic growth (early spore swelling) can activate DCs to initiate allergic responses or if germination is required.

Carbon-based nanomaterials enhance the growth of cable bacteria in brackish sediments.

Cable bacteria are long, multicellular bacteria that conduct electrical currents over centimetre distances within sediment to support their metabolism. Recent studies have shown their potential for extracellular electron transport (EET), allowing the possibility to donate electrons to solid electrodes and potentially enabling electrical interactions with other microbes. However, the mechanisms and capabilities of their EET, and their potential to interact electronically with other materials in their environment has not been explored.

Population age structure shapes selection on social behaviour in a long-lived insect.

Social traits are expected to experience highly context-dependent selection, but we know little about the contextual factors that shape selection on social behaviours. We hypothesized that the fitness consequences of social interactions will depend on the age of social partners, and therefore that population age structure will shape evolutionary pressures on sociality. Here, we investigate the consequences of age variation at multiple levels of social organization for both individual fitness and sexual selection on social network traits.

Changes in brain connectivity and neurovascular dynamics during dexmedetomidine-induced loss of consciousness.

Understanding the neurophysiological changes that occur during loss and recovery of consciousness is a fundamental aim in neuroscience and has marked clinical relevance. Here, we utilize multimodal magnetic resonance neuroimaging to investigate changes in regional network connectivity and neurovascular dynamics as the brain transitions from wakefulness to dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness, and finally into early-stage recovery of consciousness. We observed widespread decreases in functional connectivity strength across the whole brain, and targeted increases in structure-function coupling (SFC) across select networks-especially the cerebellum-as individuals transitioned from wakefulness to hypnosis.

Attractiveness, longevity, and release rates of multilure wafers for trapping males of the oriental fruit fly and melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invasive fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose a serious threat to the production and export of many commercially important fruits and vegetables. Detection of the agricultural pests Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) relies heavily on traps baited with male-specific attractants. For B.

Sex disparities in gallstone disease: insights from the MAUCO prospective population-based cohort study.

Objective: To investigate factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of gallstone disease (GSD) in women and men of the MAUCO population-based prospective cohort.

Design: 8948 MAUCO participants (aged 38-74 years) underwent abdominal ultrasound at baseline (2015-2019); 4385 received follow-up ultrasound at years 2 or 4. Factors associated with prevalent GSD were assessed using Poisson multiple regression and with incident GSD using Cox regression models.