Modelling soil erosion responses to climate change in three catchments of Great Britain.

Simulations of 21st century climate change for Great Britain predict increased seasonal precipitation that may lead to widespread soil loss by increasing surface runoff. Land use and different vegetation cover can respond differently to this scenario, mitigating or enhancing soil erosion. Here, by means of a sensitivity analysis of the PESERA soil erosion model, we test the potential for climate and vegetation to impact soil loss by surface-runoff to three differentiated British catchments.

New preventative approach for negative dysphotopsia.

Purpose: To evaluate whether positioning the intraocular lens (IOL) to decrease the entry of inferotemporal light would decrease the incidence of negative dysphotopsia.

Setting: Private practices, Boston and Chelmsford, Massachusetts, USA.

Design: Prospective randomized case study.

Colluvium supply in humid regions limits the frequency of storm-triggered landslides.

Shallow landslides, triggered by extreme rainfall, are a significant hazard in mountainous landscapes. The hazard posed by shallow landslides depends on the availability and strength of colluvial material in landslide source areas and the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events. Here we investigate how the time taken to accumulate colluvium affects landslide triggering rate in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA and how this may affect future landslide hazards.

Real-time processing in picture naming in adults who stutter: ERP evidence.

Objective: The aim was to compare real-time language/cognitive processing in picture naming in adults who stutter (AWS) versus typically-fluent adults (TFA).

Methods: Participants named pictures preceded by masked prime words. Primes and target picture labels were identical or mismatched.

A re-examination and re-evaluation of salamander orbital glands.

The amphibian integument contains numerous multicellular glands. Although two of these, the nasolabial and orbital glands and the associated nasolacrimal duct (NLD), have historically received considerable attention, interpretation of the original observations can be problematic in the context of current literature. Salamanders, in particular, are frequently regarded as at least indicative of aspects of the morphology of the common ancestor to all extant tetrapods; hence, an understanding of these glands in salamanders might prove to be informative about their evolution.

Generic theory for channel sinuosity.

Sinuous patterns traced by fluid flows are a ubiquitous feature of physical landscapes on Earth, Mars, the volcanic floodplains of the Moon and Venus, and other planetary bodies. Typically discussed as a consequence of migration processes in meandering rivers, sinuosity is also expressed in channel types that show little or no indication of meandering. Sinuosity is sometimes described as "inherited" from a preexisting morphology, which still does not explain where the inherited sinuosity came from.

Exploring semantic and phonological picture-word priming in adults who stutter using event-related potentials.

Objective: Our aim was to investigate how semantic and phonological information is processed in adults who stutter (AWS) preparing to name pictures, following-up a report that event-related potentials (ERPs) in AWS evidenced atypical semantic picture-word priming (Maxfield et al., 2010).

Methods: Fourteen AWS and 14 typically-fluent adults (TFA) participated.

Evaluation of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test and virus isolation on field samples collected for the diagnosis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in cultured Atlantic salmon in British Columbia.

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has been found to cause disease in cultured salmon of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Diagnosis of IHNV by virus isolation (VI) can take over 2 weeks. Recently, a rapid reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on fish tissues has been used for diagnosis.

Performance optimisation of a new-generation orthogonal-acceleration quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

Orthogonal-acceleration quadrupole time-of-flight (oa-QTOF) mass spectrometers, employed for accurate mass measurement, have been commercially available for well over a decade. A limitation of the early instruments of this type was the narrow ion abundance range over which accurate mass measurements could be made with a high degree of certainty. Recently, a new generation of oa-QTOF mass spectrometers has been developed and these allow accurate mass measurements to be recorded over a much greater range of ion abundances.

Differences in Lepeophtheirus salmonis abundance levels on Atlantic salmon farms in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada.

Sea lice data collected from Atlantic salmon farms in the Broughton Archipelago between 2003 and 2005 were examined for inter-regional differences in mobile Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) abundance using the generalized linear model procedure. Factors such as age of the salmon populations, location of farms and time of year had a significant effect on the abundance of the mobile stages of L. salmonis whereas water temperature and salinity did not.

Mother-child bookreading in low-income families: correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life.

About half of 2,581 low-income mothers reported reading daily to their children. At 14 months, the odds of reading daily increased by the child being firstborn or female. At 24 and 36 months, these odds increased by maternal verbal ability or education and by the child being firstborn or of Early Head Start status.

Five-year surveillance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Southeastern Virginia.

To investigate the occurrence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) in southeastern Virginia, the Bureau of Laboratories at the Norfolk Department of Public Health (NDPH) analyzed mosquito pools and the sera of sentinel chickens from the southeastern Virginia area each year from 2000 to 2004. Mosquito pool supernatants were screened for the presence of viral RNA by conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Taqman RT-PCR with the i-Cycler. Mosquito pools were also tested for virus activity by Vero cell culture.

The effectiveness of early head start for 3-year-old children and their parents: lessons for policy and programs.

Early Head Start, a federal program begun in 1995 for low-income pregnant women and families with infants and toddlers, was evaluated through a randomized trial of 3,001 families in 17 programs. Interviews with primary caregivers, child assessments, and observations of parent-child interactions were completed when children were 3 years old. Caregivers were diverse in race-ethnicity, language, and other characteristics.

Child care quality matters: how conclusions may vary with context.

Three studies examined associations between early child care and child outcomes among families different from those in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network study. Results suggest that quality is an important influence on children's development and may be an important moderator of the amount of time in care. Thus, the generalizability of the NICHD findings may hinge on the context in which those results were obtained.

Intermittent noninfarction Q waves: a finding suggestive of latent preexcitation.

Objective: To describe 3 patients who presented with chest pain and intermittent Q waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and were subsequently found to have latent preexcitation.

Patients And Methods: During a span of 8 years, 3 patients were evaluated because of atypical chest pain and pathologic Q waves in the inferior leads; in all 3 patients, the Q waves were intermittent. No patient had a history of arrhythmia or had Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern on the ECG.

Cleft palate: modern technology and neuroscience merge.

This is a report of a cleft palate-craniofacial team's experience with 768 patients that have had clefting over 22 years, with a primary focus on function and prevention of communication disorders associated traditionally with cleft palate. The treatment philosophy is based on tenets of child development and the dependency of neuropsychobiological development on the child's inherent competency, and early environmental stimulation and support. The applied treatments include ensuring early and adequate hearing, psychosocial adaptation of the parent and child through training for applications of indirect therapies, and early fistula-free surgical closure of the cleft that produces minimal scarring and a mobile velum.

Cardiovascular effects of CP-96,345, a non-peptide blocker of tachykinin NK1 receptors.

CP-96,345, a non-peptide, selective tachykinin NK1 receptor blocker and its inactive enantiomer, CP-96,344, inhibit ligand binding of phenylalkylamine but not dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonists. Whether these Ca2+ channel antagonist properties of CP-96,345 and CP-96,344 can be expressed as cardiovascular effects in vitro and in vivo is unknown. The cardiovascular effects of CP-96,345 and CP-96,344 in isolated vascular smooth muscle and in anesthetized dogs were compared to those of verapamil and nifedipine, phenylalkylamine and dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonists, respectively.

Late outcome and quality of life following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in octogenarians.

Limited data are available concerning the long-term survival and quality of life of octogenarians treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). We retrospectively compared the results of PTCA in 118 octogenarians to that of 500 younger subjects. Among the octogenarians, long term follow-up was obtained including survival, relief of angina, assessment of quality of life, and capacity for independent living.

Inhibition of tachykinin-induced hypotension in dogs by CP-96,345, a selective blocker of NK-1 receptors.

The effects of substance P, neurokinin A, neurokinin B, [Sar9, Met(O2)11]-substance P, [Nle10]-neurokinin A (4-10) and senktide (succinyl-[Asp6, MePhe8]-substance P (6-11)) on blood pressure and heart rate were studied in anesthetized dogs. Dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure and increases in heart rate were caused by each peptide except senktide. The latter elicited weak hypotensive or hypertensive responses at high doses.

A potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor.

CP-96,345 [(2S, 3S)-cis-2-(diphenylmethyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)- methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-amine] is a potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor.

Smooth muscle of rabbit isolated aorta contains the NK-2 tachykinin receptor.

Neurokinin A, neurokinin B and substance P caused concentration-related contractions of rabbit isolated aorta with pD2 values of 8.1, 6.9, and 6.

Cytosolic free calcium concentration and glucose transport in isolated cardiac myocytes.

The role of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration, [Cai], in mediating insulin's stimulatory effect on glucose transport was investigated in isolated Ca2+-tolerant rat ventricular cells. Approximately 98% of glucose transport in isolated myocytes was inhibited by phloretin. Insulin-accelerated glucose transport by 50-115% over basal transport rate.

Nifedipine attenuates both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated pressor and vasoconstrictor responses in conscious dogs and primates.

Effects of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, were examined on the pressor and vasoconstrictor responses to stimulation of alpha-1 and alpha-2-adrenoceptors in chronically instrumented conscious dogs and Rhesus monkeys. Norepinephrine (NE), a mixed alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (PE) and methoxamine (M), selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonists, and B-HT 920, a selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, were injected i.v.

Regulation of cytosolic free calcium concentration in cultured renal epithelial cells.

The relative contribution by intracellular organelles to the regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was investigated in isolated cultured renal LLC-PK1 cells. Exchangeable mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial Ca2+ represented 10 and 50% of total cell Ca2+ content, respectively. In the absence of Mg2+, Ca2+ added to cells made permeable with digitonin was rapidly sequestered by the mitochondria so that basal cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration (approximately 100 nM) was reestablished within minutes.