From Recognition to Remedy: The Significance of Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Disease Pathology.

With the inexorable aging of the global populace, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pose escalating challenges, which are underscored by their socioeconomic repercussions. A pivotal aspect in addressing these challenges lies in the elucidation and application of biomarkers for timely diagnosis, vigilant monitoring, and effective treatment modalities. This review delineates the quintessence of biomarkers in the realm of NDs, elucidating various classifications and their indispensable roles.

Dyselectrolytemia-management and implications in hemodialysis (Review).

Hemodialysis is a method for the renal replacement therapy followed by series of acute and chronic complications. Dyselectrolytemia appears in patients undergoing dialysis through mechanisms related to the chronic kidney disease and/or to the dialysis therapy and for this group of patients it is associated with an increase of morbidity and mortality. The dialysate has a standard composition, which can be modified according to the patient's characteristics.

Brain-heart axis--Review Article.

Unlabelled: There has been a large confirmation over the last decades that stroke may produce cardiac changes (echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, enzymatic). In ischemic stroke, systolic dysfunction is associated with a high risk of mortality during hospitalization. A recent study demonstrated that cardiac diastolic dysfunction could also accompany acute stroke besides the systolic dysfunction already pointed out by previous studies, being a predictive marker of acute cerebrovascular events.

Deficiencies of proteins C, S and antithrombin and activated protein C resistance--their involvement in the occurrence of Arterial thromboses.

Deficiencies of natural anticoagulants protein C, protein S, antithrombin and activated protein C resistance are components of inherited thrombophilia. Inherited thrombophilia was defined as a genetically determined tendency towards venous thromboembolism, which characteristically occurs in young patients (before 40 to 45 years old), without apparent causes, and tend to recur. There have been many debates about the implication of these defects in arterial thromboses (peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction) in the recent years.

Vascular dysfunctions following spinal cord injury.

The aim of this article is to analyze the vascular dysfunctions occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Vascular dysfunctions are common complications of SCI. Cardiovascular disturbances are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in both acute and chronic stages of SCI.

Molecular basis of vascular events following spinal cord injury.

The aim of this article is to analyze the effects of the molecular basis of vascular events following spinal cord injury and their contribution in pathogenesis. First of all, we reviewed the anatomy of spinal cord vessels. The pathophysiology of spinal cord injuries revealed two types of pathogenic mechanisms.

Deficiencies of proteins C, S and antithrombin and factor V Leiden and the risk of ischemic strokes.

Although hypercoagulable states are most often associated with venous thromboses, arterial thromboses are reported in protein C, protein S, antithrombin deficient patients and in those with factor V Leiden, components of hereditary thrombophilia. Because these arterial thromboses (peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebral infarction) mostly affect young persons, aged below 45 years, it is important to test and treat these thrombophilic defects. Because the relation thrombophilia--arterial thromboses is still under debate, due to conflicting data, this article is a review of studies published in literature regarding the implication of the above-mentioned thrombophilic defects in cerebral infarcts.